Dr. C. Callaway—The Archean Controversy. O21 
Uriconian, and would therefore have to be thrown in with the 
Malvernian. They have the appearance of schists which have been 
derived from igneous rocks by shearing, and the strike (north- 
westerly) is the same as that of the Malvernian. 
Tue Mipianps.—The volcanic rocks of Charnwood, described ! 
by the Rev. E. Hill and Prof. Bonney, are now generally regarded 
as Pebidian. Slight exposures of old masses underlying the Cam- 
brian have been recognized at the Lickey and near Nuneaton by 
Prof. Lapworth, Mr. W. J. Harrison, and others. 
Matvery.—By almost universal* consent the crystalline rocks 
which form the nucleus of the Malvern range have been referred to 
Archean times. In 1880’I separated the masses forming the eastern 
spurs of the Herefordshire Beacon from the rest of the crystallines, 
and placed them in the Uriconian. The older rocks (Malvernian) 
were regarded by Phillips and Murchison as metamorphosed sediments 
with extensive intrusions of syenite and granite. Dr. Holl went 
further than these authors, and contended that many of the massive 
rocks also were of sedimentary origin. None of these writers 
attempted to construct a sequence out of the Malvernian. At one 
time, I cherished the hope that this might be done; and, in 1887, 
Mr. Rutley* submitted to the Geological Society the details of a 
time-succession which he considered he had established. This 
scheme assumed that the foliation of the gneisses and schists 
coincided with an original sedimentation. My own work at Malvern 
had been leading me to a very different conclusion, and, when Mr. 
Rutley’s paper was read, I gave some of my results,” my main 
contention being that many of the foliated rocks were igneous 
masses which had acquired a parallel structure under pressure. I 
have since, in papers to the British Association,’ and the Geological 
Society,’ unreservedly extended this theory to all the schistose rocks 
of Malvern. If I am right, it is obvious that the order in which 
the fuliated bands occur cannot indicate a time-sequence. The new 
views on metamorphism, therefore, destroy the hope of constructing 
a succession amongst the Malvernian rocks; but they do uot affect 
the evidence as to the age of the respective Archean systems 
represented in the Malvern Hills. 
CaERNARVONSHIRE.— Papers on this area have of late years been 
published by Prof. Hughes, Prof. Bonney, Dr. Hicks, Mr. F. T. S. 
Houghton, the late Mr. H. B. Tawney, Mr. A. Harker, Prof. A. H. 
Green, and Prof. J. F. Blake. Dr. Hicks identifies his three rock- 
groups in the area between Caernarvon and Bangor. Prof. Bonney 
admits the Archean age of these granitoid and rhyolitic masses ; 
but would assign them to two periods only. Prof. Hughes is in 
agreement with these observers on the main question ; but he places 
some of the detrital Archean of Prof. Bonney in the Cambrian. 
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1877, p. 754; 1878, p. 199 ; 1880, p. 337. 
% Murchison’s opinion that these rocks are metamorphosed Cambrian has probably 
no living advocate. 
3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Nov. 1880, p. 536. 
4 Ibid. 1887, p. 481. 5 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1887, p. 525. 
® Reports, 1887, p. 706; and 1888, p. 653. 7 Read April 17, 1889. 
DECADE III,—YOL. VI.—NO. VII. 21 
