Prof. G. H. Stone—Stones of the Salt Range. 421 
forms of sand-carving may be illustrated by sea-waves and true 
water undulations. In the undulations the crests are convex above, 
in the wind waves they are bounded by two concave surfaces meeting 
in a somewhat blunt angle. But the undulations of the sand-carved 
surfaces are more often transverse to the wind like ripple-marks, 
while the concave grooves are parallel to it. The two forms are 
often superposed, so that a large number of the concave grooves can 
not seldom be traced up and over a long transverse undulation, or 
they give rise to a large number of conchoidal depressions. 
Where the stones project considerably above the ground, several 
faces are usually being polished simultaneously or as the wind 
changes. At the base of the Rockies the plains are strewn with 
multitudes of granite-drift boulders from the mountains. One can 
hardly go a hundred feet on these plains without finding boulders 
presenting polished facets in all positions with respect to both 
vertical and horizontal planes. A single boulder may have a dozen 
or more facets, just as if one could polish up the Matterhorn, leaving 
its arrétes as so many facet-angles extending downward and outward 
in all directions. The angles between adjacent facets are terminated 
by rather short convex curves, so that they are somewhat rounded, 
not true mineralogical angles. The grooves often have different 
directions on different faces; but in places where the wind can only 
act when blowing in a certain direction, they are parallel. They can 
often be traced up to a facet angle and around on to the next facet, 
especially when the angle is quite obtuse. Grooves can be found at 
all angles to facet edges, both parallel and transverse to them. The 
positions of the facets of a given stone are evidently determined 
partly by the original shape of the stone and partly by the accidents 
of the grinding process. The facts in Colorado abundantly prove 
that several facets can be formed contemporaneously, and that it is 
not necessary in all cases to premise a change of position of the 
stone when more than one facet is found. These observations, 
especially those relating to the angles which the conchoidal grooves 
make with the facet edges, differ from those of Mr. Oldham. This 
perhaps may be due to the wind being more constant in direction 
in India than in Colorado. Here the prevailing direction of the 
grooves is north-west, but sand and gravel are transported by winds 
from the north, west, and sometimes from the south or south-west. 
The conclusion follows that the facetting of the Punjab specimens 
might be simulated by wind action, but not the flat, almost plane 
surfaces of the facets. 
Fifth. Were the scratching and facetting done by glacier-ice ? 
This is the opinion of Messrs. Blanford, Oldham, and Wynne ; but 
the Rev. A. Irving objects (loc. cit.) that during extensive observations 
in the Alps, he has not seen stones facetted like these. 
The writer has carefully examined the moraines of the local 
glaciers of the White Mountains in New Hampshire, also those of 
the Rocky Mountains, and never has found stones facetted im so 
many planes as the stones in question. In this respect my obser- 
vations exactly accord with those of Mr. Irving. But in the lower 
