429 LYOF: G. H. Stone—Stones of the Salt Range. 
portion of the till of Maine there are literally multitudes of stones 
glaciated on all sides and often in flat facets like the specimens 
under discussion. American geologists are now nearly unanimously 
in accord with the Swedish geologists Torell and Holst that the 
_ lower part of the till of New England was a ground moraine 
beneath an ice-sheet, while much morainal matter was distributed 
through the lower part of the ice. The stones under this deep sheet 
of ice were much more intensely glaciated than in the case of the 
shallower valley glaciers. It is not needful now to go into the 
discussion of the molecular physics of glaciers. If it be affirmed 
that glacier ice is too fluid (or plastic) to hold stones long enough 
and firmly enough to permit them to be facetted and violently 
scratched, the matter can be decided by an appeal to the ground 
moraine of the New England ice-sheet. The only way to escape 
the conclusion that land-ice can scratch and facet stones like the 
Punjab specimens is by denying that New England was covered 
with land-ice. But the hypothesis of the glacier origin of the till 
of New England was never more strongly entrenched than at present. 
Every year since the days of Agassiz has brought new confirmation. 
The terminal moraines, the osar marking, the courses of the long 
glacier rivers, and all the other marks of land-ice, constitute over- 
whelming proofs of the reality of that ice-sheet. 
I conclude that both the facetting and the striation of the speci- 
mens under review are of the same kind that in geological time past 
have been wrought by glacier-ice of considerable thickness. 
Sixth.—Could the scratching and facetting have been produced 
during a landslip? No observations of stones being planed during 
a landslip have been recorded in America so far as I know. Yet it 
is extremely improbable that a landslip could occur without attrition 
of the stones involved. The flames seen at the great slip at Goldau 
indicate an evolution of molecular heat that could only be caused by 
great friction resulting in a large amount of crushed rock. During 
the land-slip the motion is so rapid that the stones would not have 
much time to roll into new positions ; yet where so much work is 
being done, it is difficult to place a limit to the kind of work we can 
admit as probable. While, then, no evidence is offered to the effect 
that direct observation shows that stones such as the Salt Range 
specimens have been scratched and ground to flat facets during land- 
slips, yet when we consider the forces involved and the great energy 
of action, it appears highly probable that landslips might produce 
such a kind of work. 
The scratching has plainly not been produced by a modern landslip, 
unless in the case of specimen No. 5. The weathered condition of 
the facets proves that the scratching was done before the deposition 
of the specimens in the boulder-bed, or simultaneously with it. 
On the whole I see no cause afforded by the facts now known 
sufficient to warrant denying that such forms as those under dis- 
cussion might be produced during landslips of large masses for a 
considerable distance. 
Seventh.—Could the scratchings be produced by fault-movements ? 
