466 Reports and Proceedings—British Association— 
Southern England, which exhibit the same complexity as the “ lower 
diluvium ” of the Continent, will eventually be generally acknow- 
ledged to have had a similar origin. I have often thought that 
whilst politically we are happy in having the sea all round us, 
geologically we should have gained perhaps by its greater distance. 
At all events we should have been less ready to invoke its assistance 
to explain every puzzling appearance presented by our glacial 
accumulations. 
J now pass on to review some of the general results obtained by 
continental geologists as to the extent of area occupied by inland 
ice during the last great extension of glacier-ice in Europe. It is 
well known that this latest ice-sheet did not overflow nearly so wide 
a region as that underneath which the lowest Boulder-clay was 
accumulated. This is shown not only by the geographical dis- 
tribution of the youngest Boulder-clay, but by the direction of 
rock-striz, the trend of erratics, and the position of well-marked 
moraines. Gerard de Geer has given a summary! of the general 
results obtained by himself and his fellow-workers in Sweden and 
Norway; and these have been supplemented by the labours of 
Berendt, Geinitz, Hunchecorne, Keilhack, Klockmann, Schréder, 
Wahnschaffe, and others in Germany, and by Sederholm in Finland.? 
From them we learn that the end-moraines of the ice circle round 
the southern coasts of Norway. from whence they sweep south-east 
by east across the province of Gottland in Sweden, passing through 
the lower ends of Lakes Wener and Wetter, while similar moraines 
mark out for us the terminal front of the inland ice in Finland—at 
least two parallel frontal moraines passing inland from Hango Head 
on the Gulf of Finland through the southern part of that province 
to the north of Lake Ladoga. Further north-east than this they 
have not been traced; but, from some observations by Helmersen, 
Sederholm thinks it probable that the terminal ice-front extended 
north-east by the north of Lake Onega to the eastern shores of the 
White Sea. Between Sweden and Finland lies the basin of the 
Baltic, which at the period in question was, filled with ice, forming 
a great Baltic glacier, which overflowed the Aland Islands, Gottland, 
and Oland, and which, fanning out as it passed towards the south- 
west, invaded, on the south side, the Baltic provinces of Germany, 
while, on the north, it crossed the southern part of Scania in Sweden 
and the Danish islands to enter upon Jutland. 
The Upper Boulder-clay of those regions is now recognized as 
the ground-moraine of this latest ice-sheet. In many places it is 
separated from the older Boulder-clay by inter-Glacial deposits, some 
of which are marine, while others are of fresh-water and terrestrial 
origin. During inter-Glacial times the sea that overflowed a 
considerable portion of North Germany was evidently continuous 
1 Zeitschrift d. deutsch. geolog. Ges. Bd. xxvii. p. 177. 
® For papers by Berendt and his associates see especially the Jahrbuch d. k. preuss. 
geol. Landesanstalt, and the Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Ges. for the past few years. 
Geinitz, Forsch. z. d. Landes- u. Volkskunde, i. 5; Leopoldina, xxii. p. 37 ; 
I. Beitrag z. Geologie Mecklenburgs, 1880, p. 46,56; Sederholm, Fennia, i. No. 7. 
eee 
