468 Reports and Proceedings— British Association— 
such forms as Elephas antiquus, Cervus elephas, C. megaceros, and 
a flora comparable to that now existing in Northern Germany, justify 
geologists in concluding that the inter-Glacial epoch was one of long 
duration, and characterized in Germany by climatic conditions ap- 
parently not less temperate than those that now obtain. One of the 
phases of that inter-Glacial epoch, as we have seen, was the over- 
flowing of the Baltic provinces by the waters of the North Sea. 
4. To this well-marked inter-Glacial epoch succeeded another epoch 
of aretic conditions, when the Scandinavian inland ice once more 
invaded Germany, ploughing through the inter-Glacial deposits, and 
working these up in its ground-moraine. So far as I can learn, the 
prevalent belief among geologists in North Germany is that there 
was only one inter-Glacial epoch ; but, as already stated, doubt has 
been expressed whether all the facts can be thus accounted for. 
There must always be great difficulty in the correlation of widely- 
separated inter-Glacial deposits, and the time does not seem to me to 
have yet come when we can definitely assert that all those inter- 
Glacial beds belong to one and the same geological horizon. 
I have dwelt upon the recent work of geologists in the peripheral 
areas of the drift-covered regions of Northern Hurope, because I 
think the results obtained are of great interest to glacialists in this 
country. And for the same reason I wish next to call attention to 
what has been done of late years in elucidating the Glacial Geology 
of the Alpine lands of Central Europe—and more particularly of the 
low grounds that stretch out from the foot of the mountains. Any 
observations that tend to throw light upon the history of the com- 
plex drifts of our own peripheral areas cannot but be of service. It 
is quite impossible to do justice in this brief sketch to the labours 
of the many enthusiastic geologists who within recent years have 
increased our knowledge of the glaciation of the Alpine lands. At 
present, however, Iam not so much concerned with the proofs of 
- general glaciation as with the evidence that goes to show how the 
Alpine ground-moraines have been formed, and with the facts which 
have led certain observers to conclude that the Alps have endured 
several distinct glaciations within Pleistocene times. Swiss geolo- 
gists are agreed that the ground-moraines which clothe the bottoms 
of the great Alpine valleys, and extend outwards sometimes for 
many miles upon the low grounds beyond are of true glacial origin. 
Now these ground-moraines are closely similar to the Boulder-clays of 
this country and Northern Europe. Like them, they are frequently 
tough and hard-pressed, but now and again somewhat looser and less 
firmly coherent. Frequently also they contain lenticular beds, and 
more or less thick sheets of aqueous deposits—in some places the 
stony clays even exhibiting a kind of stratification—and ever and 
anon such water-assorted materials are commingled with stony clay 
in the most complex manner. These latter appearances are, how- 
ever, upon the whole best developed upon the low grounds that 
sweep out from the base of the Alps. The only question concerning 
the ground-moraines that has recently given rise to much discussion 
is the origin of the materials themselves. It is obvious that there 
