Prof. James Geikie’s Address. — ATS 
period. This has been proved again and again, not only for this 
country but for Hurope generally. I am sorry to reflect that some 
twenty years have now elapsed since I was led to suspect that the 
Paleolithic gravels and cave-deposits were not of post-Glacial, but 
of Glacial and inter-Glacial age. In 1871-72 I published a series of 
papers in the Geotoercan Magazine in which I set forth the views 
I had come to form upon this interesting question. In these papers 
it was maintained that the alluvia and cave deposits could not be of 
post-Glacial age, but must be assigned to pre-Glacial and inter- 
Glacial times, and in chief measure to the latter. Evidence was 
led to show that the latest great development of glacier-ice in Hurope 
took place after the southern Pachyderms and Paleolithic man had 
vacated England—that during this last stage of the Glacial period 
man lived contemporaneously with a northern and Alpine fauna in 
such regions as Southern France—and lastly, that Paleolithic man 
and the Southern Mammalia never revisited North-Western Hurope 
after extreme glacial conditions had disappeared. These conclusions 
were arrived at after a somewhat detailed examination of all the 
evidence then available—the remarkable distribution of the Paleo- 
lithic and ossiferous alluvia having, as I have said, particularly 
impressed me. I coloured a map to show at once the areas covered 
by the glacial and fluvio-Glacial deposits of the last Glacial epoch, 
and the regions in which the implement-bearing and ossiferous 
alluvia had been met with, when it became apparent that the latter 
never occurred at the surface within the regions occupied by the 
former. It ossiferous alluvia did here and there appear within the 
recently glaciated areas it was always either in caves, or as infra- 
or inter-Glacial deposits. Since the date of these researches our 
knowledge of the geographical distribution of Pleistocene deposits 
has greatly increased, and implements and other relics of Palzolithic 
man have been recorded from many new localities throughout 
Europe. But none of this fresh evidence contradicts the conclusions 
I had previously arrived at; on the contrary, it has greatly strength- 
ened my general argument. 
Professor Penck was, I think, the first on the Continent to adopt 
the views referred to. He was among the earliest to recognize the 
evidence of inter-Glacial conditions in the drift-covered regions of 
Northern Germany, and it was the reflections which those remark- 
able inter-Glacial beds were so well calculated to suggest that led 
him into the same path as myself. Dr. Penck has published a map * 
showing the areas covered by the earlier and later glacial deposits 
in Northern Europe and the Alpine lands, and indicating at the same 
time the various localities where Paleolithic finds have occurred. 
And in not a single case do any of the latter appear within the areas 
covered by the accumulations of the last Glacial epoch. 
A glance at the papers which have been published in Germany 
within the last few years will show how greatly students of the 
Pleistocene ossiferous beds have been influenced by what is now 
known of the inter-Glacial deposits and their organic remains. 
1 Archiv fiir Anthropologie, bd, xv. heft 3, 1884. 
