F. J. Bennett — Machine-?nade Implements. 71 



the milled side. So that one side was possibly mill- made and the 

 other certainly hand-made. This would seem to leave the case of 

 the mill, in this instance, as non-proven, or rather in favour of man. 

 The other place visited was Temple Farm Brickyard, near Strood, 

 Eochester. Here there are two wash-mills, a lower and an upper 

 one, each with its refuse heap. Here the conditions in the one 

 differed from those in the other, and so did the ' work ' on the flints. 

 At the lower brickyard is a long extended section of brickearth 

 across the wide trumpet-mouthed opening of the valley. This 

 shows 20 feet of clean sandy loam, laminated in places, and with 

 occasional small seams of pellety chalk and very small angular 

 flints and small pebbles. This loam is thinly capped by stony loam 

 with some scattered flints, some angular and others more or less worn. 

 The lower refuse heap was composed mostly of a mixture of fine 

 flinty gravel with many small pebbles, and much pellety chalk and 

 many lumps of 'ginger,' and very few large flints. Some of these, 

 which were like those fresh from the chalk, were very little rolled 

 or chipped, and the reason was plain, as they were contained in 

 a matrix that kept them from contact with each other, and so their 

 original condition was little affected. 



The upper mill is higher up the valley ; there the brickearth was 

 dug in two places, one in a terrace on the valley side and the other 

 in the bottom of the valley. That in the terrace showed six feet of 

 stony loam resting on a marly, pellety chalk, with many large and 

 mostly angular flints, little worn and like those fresh from the chalk; 

 the other flints were much worn and weathered, with a few pebbles. 

 The second section had fewer flints and was mostly in the pellety chalk. 

 Thus this brickearth seems due to the decalcification of the chalky 

 waste formed during the denudation of the stiffer and more stony loam 

 in the upper, and the finer washed loam in the lower part of that 

 valley. One great refuse heap at the upper mill was mostly 

 composed of large flints, some of Eolithic form, but evidently shaped, 

 as the old patina showed, before they entered the mill, while one or 

 two were of paleeolithio form and one neolithic. Here the chipping, 

 rolling, and bruising due to the mill apparently, though slight, was 

 much more noticeable than at the lower mill, as here there were 

 so many more and larger flints to act on each other and to be acted 

 on by the harrows, etc. A very good imitation of beach action was 

 seen in the many rounded lumps of chalk, etc., from the loam in 

 the large refuse heap. 



All that the mill then seemed to have done was to round and 

 bruise and re-chip in an irregular manner the sharper original edges, 

 as offering the least resistance. Where old indentations occurred, it 

 would seem that the teeth of the harrows had found these out, as 

 they were re-touched in some cases and the old patina removed 

 in places. Thus it would appear that the mill, like the sea, in the 

 writer's opinion, rounds rather than shapes, and so deforms any 

 flints that had been previously chipped into a definite shape. 



Though ho has not visited any chalk wash-mills, the writer has 

 seen some flints from one near Sevenoaks, and these were thin 



