The Carhoniferous Succession below the Coal- Measures. 389 



lifliological grounds. Nowhere in the Coal-measures of the Mirllands 

 or Lancashire does 1,000 feet of Ijarren measures occur in the Lower 

 Coal-measiu*es free from workable coal-seams; the mistake woidd 

 have been impossible if adequate study had been made of the fossils. 

 Apparently the correlation was made simply on fossil evidence, but 

 it does not appear that any steps were taken to officially check the 

 accuracy of the views propounded. Li " The Hiutory of the 

 Parishes of Whiteford and Holywell" (1796), Tiiomas Pennant 

 gives very clearly the relation of these shales to the limestone in this 

 district : " The Holywell level was begun in 1774 . . . the 

 entrance into the work (was) in Coed Cae Dentir, a field belonging 

 to Sir Pyers (Mostyn) on the north side of a small dingle opening 

 into the road opposite to the great cotton factory . . . The 

 first forty yards . , . was arched with stone . . . when 

 the arch ceased the roof was the natural lock of that species 

 c died shale . . . After passing in the shaley stratum about two 

 hundred and twenty-six yards we find it is succeeded by that of 

 Cliert, at which spot the level enters my ground in the field called 

 Coed Cae Norfa. There the height to the surface is eighteen yards. 

 . . . The Chert continues to a little beyond the turnpike road, 

 when we again enter the land of Sir Pyers Mostyn in a field called 

 Brocknallt, where it stops. Hitherto the level has preserved 

 a strait course, but in this field (where the lime-stone stratum 

 begins) it turns and is continued to the end of the present working 

 about five hundred yards " (pp. 249-250). 



An excellent bibliography on the Geology of Denbighshire and 

 Flintshire is to be found in the Memoir of the Geological Survey, 

 " The Geology of the Coasts adjoining Rhyl, Abergele, and Colwyn," 

 1885, drawn up by Mr. W. Whitaker, and only slight additions are 

 necessary. 



1885. A. Strahan, "The Geology of the Coasts adjoining Rhyl, Abergele, and 



Colwj'n " : Mem. Geoi. Surv. 



1886. G. H. Morton, "Carboniferous Limestone and Cefn y Fedw Sandstone of 



Flintshire" : Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc, reprint in vol. i, pp. 1-78. 



1887. "The Microscopic Characters of the Cefn y Fedw Sandstone of 



Denbighshire and Flintshire": Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc, vol. v, 

 pp. 271-280. 



" Note on Carboniferous Limestone Fishes of North "Wales " : ibid., 



vol. V. 



" On the Discovery of Sponge Spicules in the Chert Beds of Flint- 

 shire " : Proc. Liverpool Biological Soc, vol. i, p. 69. 



"Carboniferous Limestone'of North Flintshire": Geol. Mag., 



Dec III, Vol. IV, p. 120. 



1889. R. Kidston, "On some Fossil Plants from Teilia Quarry": Trans. Roy. 



Soc. Edin., vol. xxxv, p. 419. 



1890. A. Strahan & C. E. De Ranee, "The Geology of the Neighbourhoods of 



Flint, Mold, and Ruthin" : Mem. Geol. Surv. 

 G. H. Morton, " The Geology of the Country round Liverpool, including 



the North of Flintshii-e," pp. 287. 

 1897. "The Range of Species in the Carboniferous Limestone of North 



Wales" : Geol. Mag., Dec. IV, Vol. IV, p. 132. 

 1897-8. "The Carboniferous Limestone of the Vale of Chvyd " : Proc. 



Liverpool Geol. Soc. 

 1901. " The Carboniferous Limestone of Anglesey " : ibid. 



