410 E. IT. RasfaU ^ Bernard Smiths 



surrounded by very fine roches montonnees, which have evidently 

 been formed by ice advancing from the south, down the slope of 

 Brandreth, from the great gathering-ground which seems to have 

 existed on or near the ridge running eastwards from Great Gable. 



The Haystack Tarn at present drains nearly due south, into 

 Ennerdale, by means of a very shallow channel, which looks quite 

 recent ; rock may be seen in situ in the channel at almost aiiy point, 

 and if there is any moraine or peat in the channel it cannot be more 

 than one foot deep. This tarn, then, evidently drains over rock at 

 the present time. 



But closer examination shows that it is not a rock basin. In the 

 north-east corner is a low opening, which seems to be blocked by 

 loose material of some sort, either scree, or more probably moraine. 

 Rock in situ with the normal strike and nearly vertical dip can be 

 traced close up to the shore at this point, but not by any means 

 continuously, and there is plenty of room for a buried channel 

 between some of the exposures. This old channel, if such it be, is 

 some ten yards broad, and much resembles tlie upper part of the 

 present outflow channel of Blackbeck Tarn. The ground rises for 

 a few yards from the water's edge, and the highest level in the 

 centre is some 3 or 4 feet above water-level. The cross-section is 

 a smooth curve of the usual type. 



This channel leads down without interruption to a low point in 

 the crags on the northern or Warnscale side, exactly like the outflow 

 of Blackbeck Tarn, and, in fact, in every respect completely 

 resembles one of the numerous small valleys of erosion cut into the 

 rugged surface of this mountain. 



We have, therefore, no doubt whatever that this tarn owes its 

 existence to the blocking of this channel by loose material of some 

 sort, either scree or moraine, and it seems to be almost certain that 

 this material is moraine ; the sides of the channel are so low that it 

 is almost impossible that they can have given rise to suflScient 

 scree. This argument is even stronger here than in the case of 

 Blackbeck Tarn. 



Here, again, what appears at first sight to be a rock basin is 

 sbovvn to be nothing of the kind, but to owe its existence to 

 moiaine. 



This tarn lies at an elevation of some 1,700 feet and about 

 100 feet above Blackbeck Tarn. On its soutli-easterii side, and 

 about 10 feet above it, is a very small pool, which may be a true 

 rock basin, but it is so small as to be unworthy of further notice. 



(3) At a much higher level than either of the foregoing, in fact 

 only about 15 feet below the highest point of the Haystacks, lies 

 a small pool which presents some interesting features. It is very 

 small, measuring only about 50 yards in length by 15 in width, 

 and its elevation is nearly 2.000 feet. It seems to be quite deep in 

 comparison with its size. This pool has no outlet at all, even in 

 the exceptionally wet weather which prevailed when we were 

 studying tliis region (August and September, 1903), and it appears 

 to be surrounded on all sides by rock. 



