Transactions. 153 
It is true that Celtic etymologists long ago explained the words 
to their own satisfaction, but they could have explained 
Nebuchadnezzar on similar principles with as little difficulty. 
Il. Harlwest Charter References (After 1124). 
Soon after 1124 when David I. gave Annandale to Robert de 
Brus, he granted* to him “that land and its castle ” alam terram 
ef suum castellum.t There is doubt whether this refers to 
Lochmaben or to Annan, but the latter town has a reason- 
able claim. There is evidence from an English source that the 
castle of “Anant” (castellum de Anant) was held + by William 
the Lion in 1173 in his wat with Henry IT. 
Numismatists § tell us that under Alexander II. coins were 
minted at Annan. Their proof, which is by no means so strong 
as to exclude robust scepticism, exists in silver. Stamped on one 
side with the words “Johannes on An” and “Tomas on An” to 
indicate first the coiner and second the place of issue,|| these 
Annan pennies, as they are called, bear on the other side the 
effigy of Alexander II. In the 13th century charters{l we see 
public courts held at Annan ; the land is measured and conveyed 
by carucates and oxgangs ; granges and areas and tofts are 
specified ; the town is referred to almost always as a vill; the 
gallows, that stern symbol of justice, is mentioned ; a constable 
and a clerk are alluded to; and we hear of townsmen bearing 
names still known—such as Johnstone, Skelton, and French. 
It is a little odd that no great cathedral or monastery was ever 
raised within the bounds of Annandale. Robert de Brus founded 
* National MSS. Scotland, Vol. i. No. xix. 
tCastellum at that date was most likely to mean not a castle but a fort. 
For instances see Round’s Geoffrey de Mandeville, 328-346, and—applied to 
Carlisle Keep —my article in Notes and Queries, 8th series, viii., 321. 
tBenedictus Abbas (Rolls Series), i. 48. See also Palgrave’s Documents 
and Records, i. 77, and Bain’s Calendar, ii., p.117. The fragment in Palgrave 
is evidently to much the same effect as Benedictus Abbas, and does not, I 
think, convey the meaning Mr Bain has taken from it that King Henry 
had possession of the fortress. 
§Cardonnel’s Numismata Scotiae, p. 44, plate 1. Cochran Patrick’s 
Records of Coinage of Scotland, introd. p. xliv. 
\‘‘ An,” thought to be a contraction for Anand. 
{Details shewn by these documents are beyond the scope of this paper. 
Charters referred to will be found in Bain’s Calendar, i. 606 (of late 12th 
or early 13th century), 704 (about 1218), 1763 (about 1249), 705, 1680, 
1681, 1685 (of about 1260-1280). As regards these last dates, see Scots 
Lore, 129-130. 
20 
