Transacitons. 163 
of battle rolled over the hills it was to these belfries that the 
affrighted inhabitants fled. Probably the clocheriwm of Annan 
served a double purpose in the 13th century. We know for a 
fact that it did so in the 16th when Annan steeple was a stronghold 
manned by a garrison, strengthened by ramparts, and fortified 
with artillery. Annan, it must be owned, had more need than 
most towns for a church in which her sons could watch and fight 
as well as pray. Nevertheless, the use made of the belfry in 
1299 is a damaging argument against the existence of a castle 
then. Had there been a castle, what need could there have been 
to repair the belfry to guard the stores? Hven a very weak castle 
could be rendered strong by a few hours’ digging of trenches, and 
the erection of a palisade.* Such were the peels of Edward I. 
X. The Carlaverock Campaign (1300). 
The events of 1299 shewed King Edward that the conquest of 
Scotland was not yet accomplished. Mighty preparations were 
made for another invasion in 1300, but through a variety of 
causes its whole energy was dissipated in a siege of Carlaverock 
and an ineffective raid into Galloway. Harly in July a great 
army mustered at Carlisle, and marched north. One historian 
says that on the journey Edward encamped at Annan.+ This 
must have been about the 3d or 4th of July, for on the 6th he had 
reached Applegarth ;{f on the 8th he was at Tinwald ;§ on the 
10th at Dumfries, and ou the 12th at Carlaverock.|| The castle, 
then a powerful fortress, was bravely garrisoned, though a mere 
handful of Scots stood behind its battlements. To his vexation, 
Hdward was forced to undertake a regular siege, with his great 
army to beleaguer a three-cornered tower held by but 60 men. 
Catapult engines of all sorts, war wolves and battering rams, all 
the cumbrous machinery of war, had to be brought into requisi- 
tion. There was carting from Carlisle and Lochmaben, there 
was shipment from Skimburness, there was no sinall loss of time 
and temper before the great stone-slings and batteries could be 
* See my Peel, tis meaning and derivation (G.P. Johnston, Edinburgh, 
1894), shewing that this was the character of the peels at Lochmaben, 
Dumfries, and elsewhere. 
tRishanger (R.S.), 439. 
+Liber Quotidianus Garderobae, 64. 
§Ibid., 64. 
||Lbid., pref. Ixviii. 
