38 ME. A. L. ADAMS ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF 



exception it will be found that this specimen and the other agree ; and moreover, as he 

 has pointed out, the same obtains in the African. As to the age of the individual, from 

 the large paramastoid cells it would appear that the owner was not an unborn calf, and 

 probably the penultimate milk-tooth of the smallest form was in use. 



1. The portions of left upper and lower jaws, Nos. 91 & 90 (PL II. figs. 1 & 2), to 

 which reference has been made in the preceding account of the milk-series, are too 

 imperfect for any comparative purposes of importance. The ramus of the lower jaw 

 gives the following : — The depth of the jaw at the middle of the third or penultimate 

 milk-molar and from the alveolar border is nearly 2 inches, and the maximum thickness 

 at the same point is about 1-3 inch ; in a ramus of the Asiatic Elephant ' presenting the 

 third milk-molar in full wear (here it is just being invaded), the former is 2-4 inches, 

 and the latter 1-6 inch. 



2. The suggestive fragment of a left ramus, lower jaw. No. 41 (PI. I. fig. 12, and its 

 reduced profile view in PI. VI. fig. 2), is a cast of a specimen I found in Gandia Fissure 

 with other remains ascribable to the largest form. It contains a nearly worn-out milk- 

 tooth ; the left ramus has been broken off close to the symphysial canal, which, however, 

 is entire and extends posteriorly through the socket of the succeeding tooth, which must 

 have been nearly in full wear. There is no trace of the preceding molar, whilst the con- 

 cave anterior aspect of the alveolar socket of the successor is preserved, giving a depth of 

 2-3 inches, and indicating, by the breadth of the pressure-scar (0-8 inch) on the posterior 

 aspect of the fragment of the tooth in position, that the former was rapidly replacing it. 



The following are the dimensions of the jaw : — Height of the ramus at the alveolar 

 border in front 2-7 inches; height at the last ridge 2-5 inches; from the edge of the 

 tooth in front to the middle of the gutter 2'2 inches. The diasteme inclines nearly 

 vertically, with a sharp undulating border curving outwards. Although the rostrum has 

 been broken ofi", it is quite apparent that it never could have been prominent ; and there- 

 fore as regards these two characters the jaw presents a resemblance to the Asiatic. The 

 symphysial canal is broad and shallow, and therefore more like the African Elephant's. 

 The antero-posterior length of the gutter above is 2-5, and the inferior junction 2 inches. 

 The mentary foramina, as in the African, are large, and situated about half an inch fi-om 

 the free margin of the diasteme. 



The comparison with recent species gives these instructive data. The dimensions of 

 the lower maxilla of a very young African Elephant agree with the above almost to a 

 nicety, only that the diasteme in the former, although of the same length, is by no 

 means so perpendicular. The stage of growth is represented by the permanent incisors 

 just appearing at the entrance of their alveoli. The antepenultimate milk-tooth is worn 

 to its common base ; and six ridges of the succeeding molar are in use, the breadth of 

 the base of the skull at the occipital condyles being 4 inches, which would indicate an 

 individual as large as the owner of the atlas, Plate XIII. figs. 1 & 1 a. 

 ' No. 2668, Osteological Catalogue, Eoyal College of Surgeons, 



