172 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIEDS 



frontal band, a very broad superciliary stripe, and the throat pure white ; the inner 

 webs of the basal parts of the primaries white underneath, which shows through on the 

 upper surface of the quills at their insertion, almost forming a white, yet concealed, 

 alar bar ; shoulder-edge and under shoulder-coverts pure white. 



L. cristatus, L., has the head, nape, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail rufous, but 

 less bright and browner than in Zi. superciliosus. The back is coloured with the same 

 tint, but paler or less rufous. The chin and upper part of the throat are white ; but 

 the tawny hue of the breast extends higher up than in either L. superciliosus or in 

 L. lucionensis ; and all the throat is usually washed with tawny. 



The white frontal band is narrow and ill defined ; and the white supercilium is much 

 less prominent than in L. superciliosus. The quills at their insertions show indications, 

 although slight, of a rudimentary alar bar. The shoulder-edge and under shoulder- 

 coverts are tawny. The female is coloured as the male, but has the subocular stripe 

 brown and not black, and the sides of the breast and flanks more or less striated and 

 freckled with faint brown marks. 



L. lucionensis, L., has the forehead and crown delicate pale pearl-grey, no pure white 

 whatever on the forehead. A narrow white supercilium commences above the eye, 

 becoming somewhat broader behind, and shading off into the grey of the head. The 

 occiput, nape, and back are ashy liver-brown. The rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail 

 are washed with rufous, most marked on the upper tail-coverts ; the chin and throat 

 pure white, as in L. superciliosus ; shoulder-edge and under shoulder-coverts pure 

 white ; indications of a concealed white alar bar, as in L. cristatus ; and the female has 

 the sexual distinguishing characters of that species'. The almost entire absence of 

 rufous in the plumage of the adult Philippine species suffices to distinguish it at a 

 glance from L. cristatus and L. superciliosus. 



I append the wing- and tail-dimensions of a few examples from different localities, 

 from which it will be seen that no certain characters can be deduced from them. 



The changes and phases of plumage these three species pass through before arriving 

 at maturity have yet to be investigated ; and many hundreds of individuals will have to 

 be compared before any satisfactory result can be expected. In one place I find that 

 immature examples of L. superciliosus and L. lucionensis haxe the entire under surface 

 pure white. Then there is that phase in which the upper surface of L. cristatus and of 

 L. superciliosus is ashy, dark in the first, light in the other. A Malaccan example of 

 L. superciliosus above so closely resembles L. lucionensis that there would be great 

 doubt as to its distinctness, were it not that two of the tertiaries were edged with bright 

 rufous ; this individual has the whole lower surface pure white. 



A Ceylon example, at first sight, seen from above, might easily be mistaken for the 

 Philippine species, were it not for its ruddy rectrices and rufous-tinged forehead and the 

 absence of grey on the head. 



' I haye not met with an authentic example of L. superciliosus $ . 



