PEOr. W. K. PAJRKEE ON ^GITHOGNATHOUS BIRDS. 315 



Thus this genus is very interesting as leading upwards towards the typical forms. In 

 this macerated specimen, the septo-maxillaries have evidently been lost ; for the angle of 

 the alinasal turbinal has been removed. 



The second arch has its hinder segment less, and its fore segment more typical than 

 in Thamnophilus. 



The epipterygoid is feeble ; and the rest of the bone (fig. 6,^(7) is like that of Fiiwa 

 (Plate LVII. fig. 1, fg), short and straight ; but it is thicker and coarser. 



The mesopterygoid element has coalesced with the palatine, leaving the pterygoid 

 itself free. The postpalatine keels (fig. &,pt.pa) are deep, as in these low Coracomorphae 

 generally ; and the broad part of the palatine is attached to the prsepalatine region at 

 right angles, so that the appearance is that of a pair of hatchets stuck into the basis 

 faciei, opposite each other. The transpalatine portion {t.pa) is a badly developed snag ; 

 the interpalatine spurs {i.pa) are very small ; and the two laminee end in front, one 

 above the other, very nearly — the ethmo-palatine swelling out as in Thamnophilus, and 

 passing a little in front of the interpalatine plate (PL LVI. fig. 7, e.pa). The prsepalatine 

 bar is very flat and broad in front ; and the whole of this arch is stiff, coarse, and unty- 

 pical. So also are these great flap-shaped maxillo-palatines (figs. 6 & 7, mx.])) ; broad- 

 based, lathy; with a thickened inner edge, roundly notched for the vomerine joint, 

 these ear-shaped processes are strong marks of inferiority of type. The zygomatic 

 process of the maxillary is broad and flat proximally, and is thin and vertical where it 

 becomes one with the jugal (_;'). 



The lateral ethmoidal region is quite Thamnoj)hiline ; but the pedate jiTOcessMS unci- 

 natus of the thick pars plana is less marked. There is here, again, no lacrymal ; and 

 the 1st and 5th nerves pass through one wide, oval, very large cavity from the orbit to 

 the nose : Menura, Pipra, Pachyrhamplius, ThamnopMlus, Pitta, and Qrallaria all agree 

 in this character ; and they do not agree by accident. This great open door will lessen, 

 and be barred across, as we ascend. We have seen it to be so in the Eook. 



Example 8. Grallaria squamigera, 



Hahitat. Andes of Columbia. Group " Tracheophonse," Miiller ; subfamily " Formi- 

 cariidse." 



In the palate of Grallaria, as compared with Pitta, two or three striking points of 

 contrast are seen, modifying the great general harmony between the two. 



The whole structure is less stifi"and clumsy; the palatines are better developed; the 

 angle of the mouth is not so wide; and the nasal labyrinth, in front of the vomer, is 

 much longer. There is still less ossification of the interior nasal structures than in Pitta ; 

 but that this does not affect the zoological or even the morphological height of the type 

 is evident ; for in Thamnopldlus below, and in the next higher than Grallaria, namely 

 Artamus, ossification is intense, whilst in these two intermediate forms it is arrested. 



As compared with Pitta, this form has the same gallinaceous epipterygoid (fig. 8, e-i^g), 



2 u2 



