328 PEOr. W. K. PARKER ON ^GITIIOGNATHOUS BIRDS. 



In the " Cotingidse " and " Tyrannidse " the transpalatine process is very rudimentary, 

 and also in some of the " Formicariidee " (as in Thamnojjliilus), also in the Australian 

 Menura. In Artamus and in Elainea (Tyrannidse) the process is flattening out; and 

 they approach our own " Laniidse." 



In Gymnorhina, from the retral apex of the transpalatine process to the extremity of 

 the palatine, in front, this bony bar is straight and stifi"; from being obhquely com- 

 piessed it becomes, further forwards, depressed, and is fast bound down to the prsemax- 

 illary in front (fig. 5, pr.jia) ; but, as in Artamus, it is quite free from the hard nasal 

 floor, and is, indeed, some distance below it. 



The palatines and maxillaries are only in contact in front, where they are ankylosed 

 to each other and to the preemaxillaries ; for the maxillo-palatine flaps (figs. 5 & 6, mx.p) 

 are a good height above the strong elastic palatine bar. These processes are ankylosed 

 to the inturned alinasal floor, the edge of the lower process of which fringes the antero- 

 internal edge of the maxillo-palatine {n.f, i. a. I, mx.j)). 



The form of the maxillo-palatines is like an ear ; and they are thin, sinuous, tooth- 

 edged laminae, shaped like those of the Crow (PI. LV. fig. 6, mx.}>), but not possessing 

 the thickened inner edge which in that type borders a large air-cell. Behind these 

 processes the maxillaries are developed inwards behind the angle of the preemaxillaries, 

 still striving to floor-in the palate. In front they are ankylosed to the prsemaxillaries, 

 nasals, and ossified nasal sacs, and behind to the strong compressed jugal {j). 



With the exception of Pachyrham;phus (" Cotingidse " — PI. LVII. fig. 7, e.eth), Gymno- 

 rhina has the largest frontal plate to its lateral ethmoid. The antorbital is very thick 

 and spongy ; it has a concave outer margin, an outward lower angle, a large common 

 foramen above it (as large, relatively, as in Homorus), and, as in that species, the angle 

 carries a small epiphysial os uncinatum (PI. LX. fig. 8, o. u). As to the lacrymal, it is 

 thoroughly corvine (fig. 8, /) both in position (jammed in below the prcefrontal and 

 nasal) and in shape and substance. 



In short, to sum up the characters and relationships of the Piping Crow, it is a " Noto- 

 coracomorph," an ascent from the short-billed " Dendrocolaptidse " of the western regions 

 of the " Notogsea," a true singer, ha^dng large inferior laryngeal muscles ; and it has 

 a fine voice. It crops up in the great bird-tree like another and scarcely inferior 

 >' leader " to that formed by the Old-World Crows, Daws, and Magpies. 



Example 16. Ilyloterpe sulfuriventer. 



Habitat. Celebes. Group " Oscines ; " family " Sylviidse." 



This Malayan type (PI. LVIII. figs. 3 & 4) strongly reminds one of the South- 

 American " Cotingidae," Pipra and Pachyrhamphus (PI. LVII. figs. 1-7) ; and indeed it 

 seems to me to be another eastern form which has undergone further metamorphosis 

 than its western relatives. It appears to be related to the "Cotingidae" just as the 

 Piping Crow is to Homorus and the Wood-Swallow to Grallaria. 



