PROF. W. K. PAllKElt ON iEGlTHOGNATHOUS BIRDS. 829 



If this be the case, if these instances of changed forms in the Eastern " Notogsea," 

 corresponding to unchanged (or less changed) types in the Western " Notogsea," can be 

 shown to be common, it will go far towards the establishment of a true theory of the 

 dispersion and modification of types \ 



Near this type 1 should place Lanius (PI. LXI. figs, 3-6), and below it Elcnnea 

 (" Tyrannidse " — PI. LXI. figs. 1 & 2) ; and 1 think the true order of these types upwards 

 is " Cotingidse," " Tyrannidse," " Laniidse," and " Sylviidse." 



The peculiarly soft spongy character of the skull in Pachyrhamphus and Pipr'a is re- 

 placed by a somewhat denser structure in Elainea and Hyloterpe ; but this latter differs 

 much from Lanius, the skull of which is much more den.se and fibrous, like that of a 

 true C'orvus, only on a smaller scale. So also in these the basiternporal (PL LVIII. 

 tig. 3, b.f, and PI. LXI. fig. 1) region is bat-shaped, as in the "Cotingidse;" and the 

 strong rounded cellular parasphenoidal rostrum (j^a.s), without a trace of " basiptery- 

 goid processes," is very similar. In Hyloterpe the notch is perfect in the basifacial 

 axis, and the upper or nasal part of the nasal septum is ossified. Mr. Salvin's specimen 

 does not show whether it is alate. 



The alse nasi have a bony patch on each side behind the nostril ; and the large ali- 

 nasal turbinals (figs. 3 & 4, «. th) have a large patch on their inner face of an ectosteal 

 character (.s.j^w/) ; it represents the anterior part of the ophidian septo-maxillary. 



This bone articulates with another sliorter bony scale, the proper septo-maxillary 

 {s.mx), and this with the upper edge of the front of the vomer (v). This latter bone 

 has its two halves thoroughly ankylosed for the first half of its length : it is now a 

 large flatfish bone with a sharp shoulder, a median and two lateral points below in 

 front, and very flat gently diverging crura that are ankylosed to the palatines. The 

 vomer is slightly carinate in front, that part dipping very evidently. 



The OS uncinatum is very evident and very instructive (PI. LVIII. figs. 3 & 4, o. u) : 

 it is a sharp prickle with a broad bulging base, and appears as an outgrowth of the 

 inner face of the swollen ecto-ethmoid {p-p); this latter element has a" notched outer 

 margin and a common passage for the olfactory and nasal nerves, as ui the low types. I 

 see no trace of a lacrymal in HyJoterpe. 



The second preeoral arch (fig. 3, pg, pa) may be seen at a glance to be intermediate, 

 both in its primary and secondary elements, between a low Cotingine type and the high 

 Corvines. The pterygoids {pg) are very similar to those of Pipra (PI. LVII. fig, 1); 

 but they have a better " hamular process," and are slightly arcuate. The laminate 

 anterior end articulates with the leafy plate of the palatine — its mesopterygoid region. 

 The palatines {pt.pa) have strong posterior keels, a large median portion with its post- 



If not, if every zoological species has been created as it is now, and fenced in by laws that cannot be 

 broken, " a hedge set about it and all that it hath," then I U'ust, for the sake of true science, that this glamour 

 will soon be removed from our eyes, and that we shall not be lured on further after evolutional Will-o'-the- 

 wisps. 



VOL. IX. — P.\ET V. December, 1875. 2 t 



