836 PEOF. W. K. PAKKEE ON ^GITHOGNATHOUS BIEDS. 



moie curved than in Hyloter]je ; but that genus is a natural ally of Lalage, which stands 

 between it and Enodes (compare PI. LXII. fig. i, with PI. LVIII. figs. 3 & 7). 



In this type there are prickly basipterygoids in front of the basitemporal lip (PI. 

 LXII. fig. Iffl, b.]}g, i.t). The pterygoids are slender, subarcuate, and with a short 

 hamular process; they articulate with the deep postpalatine keels (fig. 1, pt.pa), and 

 with the superadded mesopterygoid crest. The diverging vomerine crura, united to 

 equally divergent ethmo-palatines, which are but little arched, show the rostrum clearly 

 on the mid line. The interpalatine spurs (i.^Jflj) are well developed ; and the two lamellae, 

 upper and lower, are large fore and aft. They end externally in a thick edge, which 

 runs backwards as a roughly gnawed transpalatine process, like that of Hyloterpe 

 (PI. LYIII. fig. 3), but better developed. The praepalatine bars are slender, but ex- 

 pand in front, where they are ankylosed to the preemaxillaries. The broad, flattish 

 vomer comes very near to that of Hyloterpe ; it is subcarinate, slightly apiculate in 

 front, and has moderate and rather square upper lobes, in which the septo-maxillary is 

 lost. The cranio-facial hinge is perfect, and the septum nasi (s. n) partly ossified. The 

 maxillo-palatines {mx.j)) are intermediate between those of Enodes and those of Tri- 

 chastoma (PI. LVIII. figs. 7 & 9), and are much like those of a Thrush and of the 

 Flycatcher. The first and fifth nerves are divided by a delicate rod of bone, which lies 

 forwards inside the upper turbinal; the pars plana [p-p) is squarish and moderately 

 thick ; there is a semidistinct seed-shaped os uncinatum (o. m) attached to the angle of 

 the pars plana ; and the lacrj mal is very small and ankylosed to the posterior crus of 

 the oasal'. 



The other Celebesian species examined by me, and to be described hereafter, are two 

 of them of the family " Nectariniidse,"' namely Nectaropldla grayi and Anthrejifes malac- 

 censis ; the other comes near the Tanagers, namely Prionocheilus aureolimlatns. The 

 six just described are all very near akin ; these are Artamus, Byloterpe, Licrums, 

 Enodes, Tnchastoma, and Lalage. 



All these are evidently more metamorphosed offshoots of some common southern 

 " leader " of a lower type : these are " Oscines ;" that was most probably of the section 

 " Tracheophonee." 



The ancient non-singing passerines still abound in the American division of the 

 " Notogsea;" and in the Malayan region they are not extinct, as, for instance, in the 

 case of Pitta, a Bornean genus closely allied to Grallaria. 



I have some Australian types to describe ; but these, on the whole, come nearer to the 

 Malayan forms than to the South-American. Yet, of seven genera dissected by me, two 

 had the muscles of the lower larynx quite indistinct, namely Petroica and Sittella ; 

 these must therefore be classed as " Tracheophonae." 



' The skull of Muscicapa grisola will be treated of in the second part. 



