1889.] LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 333 



are due. The excellent catalogue (with plates) of Bornean shells 

 compiled by Signer A. Issel in 1874 from the collections brought 

 together by Signer G. Doria and Signor O. Beccari has been of great 

 use and forms the basis of my work. I include in this paper all the 

 species not seen by me, but there enumerated, with the names printed 

 in italics, so as to bring the record up to date. I have also included 

 all the species mentioned as from Borneo in Tenison-Woods's " Malay- 

 sian Land and Freshwater Mollusca" (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 

 ser. 2, vol.ii. pp. 1003-1095) — an imperfect list as regaitls Borneo. 



Some years ago I had placed in my hands by INIr. John Evans all 

 the shells obtained by Mr. Everett when he was exploring the lime- 

 stone caves in Borneo ; these shells were all much weathered and in 

 a very unsatisfactory state to name and describe, and it was desirable 

 that a better knowledge of the living forms of Borneo should be first 

 obtained before doing so. The specimens thus dug out of the floors of 

 these caverns are now referred to in this paper. 



Mr. Everett at my request preserved a good number of his land- 

 shells in spirit, and I am thus enabled to describe the anatomy of 

 some of the Zonatidse that I have had time to examine, which 

 are of much interest. The greatest credit is due to Mr. Everett for 

 adding so largely to our knowledge of the Molluscan Fauna of Borneo, 

 for his labours have furnished us in this first part alone with no less 

 than 34 new species, besides a very large number of other shells 

 obtained by previous naturalists and collectors, some of which were 

 rare and little known. Mr. Everett is returning to Borneo, and with 

 this excellent commencement and foundation for future exploration 

 will no doubt add many more to the novel and extremely interesting 

 set of shells he has already discovered there. 



He has written me the following short description of the country, 

 which gives an idea of its physical features. The accounts of the 

 same district in the Journals of Rajah Sir James Brooke also indicate 

 that it is a sort of paradise for land- shells, where numberless new 

 species are yet to be found with proper search at the proper season, 

 and when the hill-ranges are thoroughly explored. 



"The 'plain ' atLabnan is simply an open grassy space bordering 

 on Victoria Harbour and representing the original clearing of the 

 settlement. It is composed partly of sea-sand and partly of old 

 mangrove-mud and is intersected by ditches, which are often quite 

 dry in the fine season, and in the rainy season are alternately filled 

 with rain-water and with brackish or even purely salt-water according 

 to the state of the tides. The plain seems to have been originally 

 swampy and covered with mangroves and white Casuarines on the 

 sandy portions. The Busan Hills are situated perhaps a dozen miles 

 from the sea as the crow flies, between Tegora and Kuching in Sarawak. 

 They attain an elevation of about 500 feet, and are covered with old 

 forest and the usual lower undergrowth, except where the scarps are 

 too steep to admit of the lodgment of soil or of decaying vegetation. 

 The rock is compact limestone, the surface of which is much fretted 

 by the action of the rains, and where not exposed to direct sunlight 

 is usually covered to a greater or less degree with a variety of mosses. 



