THE PBESIDENT's ADDRESS. 871 



no passing from a secular to an ecclesiastical tribe, whereas 

 among the Celts, the ecclesiastical tribe was recruited from the 

 other. 



Whether invited or not, a saint came over when a brother 

 or cousin had established a ploitj and demanded a grant of land. 

 Having been accorded a site he enclosed a small area with a 

 bank. Within this he and his monastic family lived. Outside 

 it he settled his lay attendants. At intervals round his land 

 he set up stones or crosses ; and within this was his minihi or 

 Sanctuary. It was through the Sanctuary that the Tribe of the 

 Saint in part recruited itself. To it fled those who were being 

 pursued in blood feud, runaway slaves, in a word, all who 

 could not obtain a footing in a secular tribe. 



Within the enclosure of earth the saint planted a number 

 of circular huts, bee-hive shaped, and built a church, almost 

 always of timber and wattle. This was his Bangor, his monastery, 

 the centre of organisation in ecclesiastical matters. 



Now it did not suffice the saint to have one monastery. He 

 set to work to obtain fresh grants of land, and to establish lanns 

 (churches) throughout the pou. But this could not be done in 

 the manner which seems so natural to Saxon and English minds, 

 that the chief should have the church at his door. 



According to Celtic ideas, the secular and ecclesiastical 

 organisations were distinct, the land was distinct, the members 

 of each tribe were distinct, under distinct heads. Consequently 

 the lann had to be at some distance from the residence of the 

 chief of the secular tribe. Now you will see how it comes about 

 that in Cornwall the parish church is so often removed some 

 way off from the town or village to which it serves for religious 

 purposes. 



The most remarkable case is Callington, three miles from 

 its parish church, Southill ; the most scandalous is that of 

 Camelford, two miles off from Lanteglos, without even a chapel 

 of ease in it. It is the same, but in less degree at Launceston, 

 where the ancient monastic centre is S. Stephen's, and Launceston 

 itself is the secular town about the castle; but there, later 

 piety established a church within the town • Something of the 

 same thing may be seen at Marazion, Pen/ance, Penryn, Hayle, 

 Eedruth, Tintagel, and Boscastle. 



