A KEY TO THE ASIATIC GENERA OF THE HESPER^IDJE. 423 



between the last four might be reasonably treated as only subgeneric, 

 Achalarus, though closely allied to several North American genera, 

 appears to have no nearer Asiatic ally than CelcenorrMnus ; all the 

 genera enumerated between Hantana and Tagiades are undoubtedly 

 closely allied to one another ; Tapena appears to be allied to 

 Tagiades, CelcenorrMnus and Ctenoptilum ; the last mentioned is 

 closely allied to Odontoptilum and Caprona ; while the last four genera 

 are very close to one another, and also show relationship to Achalarus 

 on the one hand and Pamphila on the other. 



Range. — The genera Casyapa and Thanaos have not yet been 

 recorded from within Indian limits : Achalarus, Carcharodus and 

 Thanaos are almost entirely Arctic in their range ; the first is found 

 in North America as well as in Asia ; Carcharodus is chiefly European, 

 but also ranges to North Africa, while Thanaos is typically European, 

 but species which have been assigned to it, though probably erroneous- 

 ly, are found in North America. Species of Hesperia occur throughout 

 the whole of both Hemispheres with the exception of the Australasian 

 region ; it will probably, however, be found practicable hereafter to 

 found new genera for many of the species which are now included 

 under this genus. Sarangesa, Coladenia, Tagiades, Caprona, and 

 Gomalia range to Africa ; while species of CelcenorrMnus occur both 

 in Africa and South America. The remaining genera are confined to 

 the Asiatic region as far as present knowledge goes. 



Sub- family Pamphilin^;. 

 The genera of this sub-family, being very numerous, are conveniently 

 divided into three sections, of which the two first, founded on a slight 

 difference in neuration, are purely artificial and are adopted only for 

 convenience ; the third section, however, consists of a group of closely 

 allied genera, which appear to have no near allies among the other 

 Pamphilince^ so much so that it is questionable whether it would not 

 be advantageous to form them into an additional sub-family under the 

 name of Jsmenince,* the species contained under which would stand in 

 much the same relation to the remainder of the Old World Hesperiidce 

 that the Pyrrhopygince do to those of the New World. 



* This name (but with a much more extended meaning) has been made use of by 

 M. Mabille in a paper on the Eesperiidce of the Brussels Museum published in the Annals of the 

 Entomological Society of Belgium, vol. xxi (1878). 



