322 Association of American Geologists and Naturalists. 
Gulf of Alten, (the variation being 11° west,) the strie on the sleat 
run north and south magnetically ; those on the amphibole N. 15° W. 
and S. 15° E. by compass. On the borders of Lake Ladoga, the strize 
on granite run N. 22° to 25° W. by compass. In Finland, the stric are 
further from the meridian, being N. 69° W. to S. 69° E. by compass. 
Proceeding south, this angle diminishes to N. 20° W. and 8S. 20° E.— 
N. 30° W. and 8. 30° E.; the normal direction being N. 25° W. mag. 
M. Sefstrom found on the west side of the Gulf of Bothnia that the 
direction was N. W. and S. E. and this may be considered as the mean 
of all the observations; the variations being accidental, owing to ele- 
vations producing deviations in the course of the currents. Valleys of 
erosion follow the same direction. ‘The direction of the Osars, and 
also drift-blocks and bowlders, correspond with this course. ‘These 
Osars are identical with the ridges which in Maine are called horsebacks, 
and like them resemble railroad embankments, and are composed of 
sand and gravel. 
Marine shells are found in the drift of Denmark, of which M. Beck 
recognizes seventy species as identical with those now living. They 
are often broken, but sometimes both valves occur together. Near 
Stockholm the shells were found whole, and were tranquilly deposited. 
So also at Uddevalea, originally explored by Alex. Brongniart. ‘These 
are among the proofs of the submergence of this region during the 
diluvial epoch. From the S. E. of Finland to St. Petersburgh and 
Moscow, erratic blocks of granular granite, peculiar to Viborg in Fin- 
land, are found scattered—the least distance is from one hundred and 
forty to one hundred and fifty leagues. Blocks of sandstone at Memel 
came from Lake Onega, a distance of two hundred and forty five 
leagues. Thus the drift phenomena in the north of Europe are more 
remarkable than those described by Dr. J. in the Reports on the Geol- 
ogy of Maine, in which erratic blocks were traced to a distance of one 
hundred and twenty six miles in a direction 8. E. by E. Examples of 
these were mentioned in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and 
Rhode Island; and reference was made to the works of Prof. Hitch- 
cock for other striking instances. 
Messrs. De Beaumont and Durocher are equally cautious in adopting 
any one cause for the phenomena. Durocher thinks there is abundant 
proof of two separate causes, distinct as to the time of their occurrence. 
Ist. The breaking up of the Northern or Frozen Ocean, by which a 
current loaded with ice was sent over the partially submerged country, 
abrading the rocks, producing striz and bowlders, and carrying them 
to the S. E. 2d. That afterwards icebergs formed on the coast and 
carried off each summer their load of rocks and earth, and deposited 
them tothe S. E. In the meanwhile the land was gradually rising from 
