354 Fossil Trees in the Coal Strata of Nova Scotia. 
The fossil trees extend over a space of from two to three miles 
from N. to S., and according to Dr. Gesner, to more than twice 
that distance from E. to W. ‘The containing strata resemble 
lithologically the English coal-measures, being composed of white 
and brown sandstones, bituminous shales, and clay with ironstone. 
There are about nineteen seams of coal, the most considerable 
being four feet thick. The place where these are best seen is 
called the South Joggins, where the cliffs are from one hundred 
and fifty to two hundred feet high, forming the southern shore 
of a branch of the Bay of Fundy, called Chignecto Bay. ‘The 
action of tides, which rise sixty feet, exposes continually a fresh 
section, and every year different sets of trees are seen in the face 
of the cliffs. 
The beds with which the coal and erect trees are associated 
are not interrupted by faults. They are more than two thousand 
feet thick and range for nearly two miles along the coast. Im- 
mediately below them are blue grits, used for grindstones, after 
which there is a break in the section for three miles, when there 
appear, near Minudie, beds of gypsum and limestone, and at that 
village a deep red sandstone, the whole having the same souther- 
ly dip as the coal at the Joggins, and being considered by Mr. 
Lyell as the older member of the carboniferous series. 
Above the coal-bearing beds and stretching southward for 
many miles continuously along the shore, are grits and shales 
of prodigious thickness, with coal plants, but without vertical 
trees. . 
Mr. Lyell next describes in detail the position and structure 
of the upright trees at the South Joggins. He states that no 
part of the original tree is preserved except the bark, which is 
marked externally with irregular longitudinal ridges and furrows 
without any leaf-scars, precisely resembling in this respect the 
vertical trees found at Dixonfold, on the Bolton Railway, de- 
scribed by Messrs. Hawkshaw and Bowman. No traces of struc- 
ture could be detected in the internal cylinder of the fossil trunks, 
which are now filled with sandstone and shale, through which 
fern leaves and other plants are occasionally scattered. Mr. Lyell 
saw seventeen vertical trees, varying in height from six to twenty 
feet, and from fourteen inches to four feet in diameter. The 
beds which inclose the fossil trees are usually separated from each 
other by masses of shale and sandstone, many yards in thickness. 
