105 
feet thick, but a stratum of sand is occasionally interspersed between 
the limestone and the basalt. South of the Hermus an insulated 
patch of limestone is also overlaid by basalt, and around its base are 
lava streams which have flowed from the volcanic cones near Koola. 
The lower part of this patch of limestone is converted into a yellow 
jasper-looking substance, with a bright conchoidal fracture. 
5. Granite occurs near Cyzicus, where it is a finely grained, gray 
tock, which decomposes rapidly; but it contains large masses of 
hornblende, and is sometimes traversed by veins of felspar. It throws 
off the adjacent schistose rocks, which dip from it in opposite di- 
rections. Granite apparently forms also the axis of the Demirji 
range. 
6. Peperite.—This deposit is extensively developed in many parts 
of Asia Minor. It is distinctly stratified, but it has sometimes a 
crystalline or vitreous aspect, and contains crystals of hornblende 
as well as much glassy felspar. Within the range of Mr. Hamilton’s 
route it occurs about 24 miles south of the village of Susugerli; 
also 9 miles south of Simaul: and a little further the author ob- 
tained the following descending section : 
1. Hard volcanic tuff, slightly crystalline, but containing many 
boulders and pebbles of trap, with numerous concretions of green 
marl, 12 feet. 
2. Soft whitish volcanic earthy tuff, containing small frag- 
ments of pumice, 10 feet. 
3. Hard crystalline but stratified rock. 
About the 11th and 12th miles from Simaul, peperite is overlaid 
by a white limestone ; between the 15th and 16th it rests upon pro- 
truded masses of decomposing trap or syenite; and half a mile 
further a mass of trachytic or trap conglomerate, forming the point 
of separation of two valleys, has been raised up subsequent to its de- 
position by a protrusion of trap, as the conglomerate, which is much 
contorted, adheres to the side of the trap; and near the 16th mile, 
it is underlaid by the micaceous sandstone. 
The beds are occasionally horizontal, but where the peperite has 
been affected by the trachyte, they are variously inclined. 
7. Trachyte and Trachytic Conglomerate.—Several varieties of this 
rock occur within Mr. Hamilton’s district. ‘The points more par- 
ticularly mentioned are, one mile south of Kespit, where it forms a 
ridge of hills; the village of Kalburja, 7 miles S.W. of Kespit; 
also near the town of Bogaditza, whence a high trachytic range ex- 
tends for a considerable distance east and west, succeeded by a less 
elevated district of the same rock, which continues beyond Sin- 
gerli to the foot of the Dimirji mountains. In this district the tra- 
chyte varies greatly in colour, is generally soft, decomposes easily, 
and the author was often unable to decide whether it was an aqueous 
deposit of volcanic sand, or a subaqueous igneous rock. To the east 
of Singerli is a large mass of red porphyritic trachyte, considered by 
Mr. Hamilton to be a coulée which has flowed from the high rugged 
hills to the south-east. The trachytic rocks continue up the valley of 
Macestus for several miles. It is also extensively developed south of 
