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wall several feet thick of alternating layers of loam, clay, and chalk 
rubble; and on the opposite side of the pinnacle of chalk are other 
vertical beds of drift, but of a different character, being composed of 
unrolled flint gravel next the chalk, then layers of sand, and aiter- 
wards yellow sand with loam. Beyond these vertical beds, the strata 
of drift are first waved or contorted, and at a greater distance re- 
cover their horizontality. The relative position of the pinnacle 
of chalk with the fundamental, was not visible in 1839, but Mr. 
Lyell inferred that the two were not connected*. Between 1829 
and 1839 it altered its form considerably ; for at the former period, 
two masses of chalk were exhibited, but the eastern, or the one 
since removed, consisted of re-deposited chalk or rubble. Between 
Cromer and West Runton, and near the bottom of the cliff, is a 
large mass of pure white chalk traversed by several rents, and 
arched over by alternating beds of laminated clay and sand, the 
whole being twenty-five feet high. At Lower and Upper Runton 
are other masses of chalk; and near the Cliff End, Weybourne, the 
fundamental chalk rises above the level of the shore, presenting a 
waved outline, and covered by a bed of flints mixed with crag shells. 
2. Norwich Crag. The most south-eastern point at which this 
formation has been seen is at Bacton Gap, where a thin layer of it 
was found, about the level of low water, in the form of a ferruginous 
breccia with shells resting on the chalk and covered by lignite. The 
next example occurs at Cromer, where it also constitutes a thin stra- 
tum seen at very low water resting upon chalk, and containing the 
usual characteristic fossils. It is also found between the chalk and 
freshwater beds at Runton; but it is only between Old Hythe Gap 
and Weybourne that it appears, in its usual characters, above 
the level of the sea. Mr. Lyell describes two points where the 
chalk is in contact with several feet of shelly sand and clay, con- 
tainizg pebbles and the shells of the Norwich crag, and overlaid by 
clay and loam without shells. Half a mile from Cliff End, Wey- 
bourne, the following section was displayed in a cliff about forty feet 
high : 
Horizontal chalk with flnts ............ 8 feet. 
Sand and flint pebbles with crag shells .... 1 foot. 
Fine sand with perfect crag shells ........ 10 feet. 
Sand and pebbles without shells.......... 3 feet. 
Unstratified clay or till with flints........ 10 feet. 
‘The shells are well-characterized Norwich crag species. 
At the extremity of the cliff near Weybourne is an interesting 
section ten feet high, in which the strata are bent into an arch. 
3. Freshwater deposits, with beds of lignite and subterranean or sub- 
marine Forests. These accumulations occur for the most part in patches 
a) 
* In consequence of the late heavy gales, the base of the cliffs was laid 
open, and Mr. Simons of Cromer has informed Mr. Lyell, that the pinnacle 
rests upon the crag or pan, and therefore confirms the above opinion. It 
also appeared that on both sides of the pinnacle there was a mass of till be- 
tween the stratified drift and the pan. April 1840. 
P22 
