175 
P. minuta (Strickland), Valvata cristata, V. piscinalis, Limnea glu- 
‘mosa, L. peregra, Planorbis albus, var., P. vortex, P. levis (Alder), 
-yclas pusilla, and C. cornea: of those eleven species, nine are 
British, and only two unknown in a living state. Fragments of 
Unios and Anodons also occur. The insects found in the Mundesley 
deposit consist of elytra of beetles, especially of the genus Donacia, 
presenting when freshly exposed their beautiful colours. Mr. 
Curtis is of opinion that there are two species of Donacia, both pos- 
sibly identical with British insects: the same entomologist has also 
detected the thorax of an Elater, an elytron of one of the Harpalide 
(Harpalus ophonus or H. argutor), also another which he confi- 
dently refers to Copris lunaris, a British beetle. The remains of 
fishes collected by Mr. Lyell and Mr. J. B. Wigham are considered 
by the Rev. Leonard Jenyns and Mr. Yarrell to belong to the genera 
Perch, Carp, Pike, and Trout. The horns of the Irish Elk are re- 
ported to have been found in making a road to the beach some years 
since. he common and best preserved vegetable remains, are seed- 
vessels of an aquatic plant, referred by Mr. Brown to Ceratophyllum 
demersum. 
West Runton Gap, two miles anda half from Cromer. A fresh- 
water deposit, on the east side of this point, contains many of Mun- 
desley shells, and passes unequivocally beneath about seventy feet 
of unstratified drift, while a thin bed of subjacent Norwich crag is 
interposed between it and the chalk. The beds are black and peaty. 
Twelve species of shells have been obtained by Mr. Lyell and Mr. 
Fitch, and determined by Mr. George Sowerby to be Paludina vivi- 
para, P. impura, P. albus, P. marginatus, Valvata piscinalis, Limnea 
palustris, L. stagnalis, Planorbis imbricatus, Ancylus lacustris, Cyclas 
appendiculata, C. cornea*and C. amnica, var.? also a species of Ano- 
donta. The Cyrena trigonula has not yet been observed in these 
deposits, though it accompanies a similar assemblage of shells at va- 
rious localities in Suffolk and Essex. 
From the occurrence of two species of shells distinct from any at 
present known in a living state, Mr. Lyell refers these freshwater 
deposits to the newest tertiary epoch; whether the fishes and plants 
of Mundesley are all referrible to existing species cannot be deter- 
mined without fuller evidence. With respect to the mammalian re- 
mains, he says it is extremely difficult to speak with certainty of the 
exact beds from which they may have been derived, because they are 
picked up at the base of the cliffs, after portions of the drift had been 
removed by the sea. It is the opinion of collectors, however, that 
they are chiefly derived from the freshwater beds, and more particu- 
larly the lignite, where it rests immediately upon the chalk or patches 
of Norwich crag. These remains belong to the Elephant, Rhinoce- 
ros, Hippopotamus, Horse, Ox, Pig, Beaver, Deer, &c.; but as the 
Norwich crag underlies the drift at Cromer and Weybourne, and frag- 
ments of crag shells are dispersed through the latter, Mr. Lyell sug- 
gests, that some mammalian remains may have been washed out of 
the crag into the drift; but, he adds, none of the characteristic crag 
fish-bones have been noticed in it, and that such bones of land ani- 
