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raines are exposed by the roadside; and at Loch Earn Head is a 
group of conical moraines at the junction of Glen Ogle with Loch 
Earn, and at the very point where, had they been brought by a rapid 
current, they would have been propelled into the Loch. It is never- 
theless the exact position where the terminal moraine of a glacier 
would be deposited. 
Moraines near Callender.—Moraines are stated to cover more 0 
less the valley of the Teith from Loch Katherine to Callender, and 
the lofty terraces flanking the valley from Callender to Doune are 
considered to be the detritus of moraines, modified by the great 
floods which accompanied the melting of the ice. One of them, near 
Callender, has been mapped as the vallum of a Roman camp. The 
little Jakes on the right bank of the Teith, four miles east of Cal- 
lender, Dr. Buckland considers due to moraines obstructing the 
drainage of the country; and the greater part of the first table-land 
on the right bank of the Teith, between Callender and Doune, in- 
cluding the portion on which stands Mr. Smith’s farm, to be com- 
posed of re-arranged glacial detritus. 
Proofs of Glacial Action at Stirling and Edinburgh.—Having thus 
shown that glaciers once existed in the glens and mountainous dis- 
tricts of Scotland, Dr. Buckland proceeds to point out the evidence 
of glacial action at points but little raised above the level of the sea, - 
and distant from any lofty group of mountains. In 1824 he had 
noticed that the trap-rock then recently exposed on the summit of 
the hill, between the castle and the church, was polished and striated, 
but at his last visit in 1840 these evidences had become obliterated 
by weathering. The grooves and scratches described by Sir James 
Hall on the Costorphine hills near Edinburgh, and on the surface 
of Calton Hill, Prof. Agassiz is of opinion cannot be explained by 
the action of water; but they resemble, he says, the-effects produced 
by the under-surface of modern glaciers. In his recent examination, 
in company with Mr. McLaren, of the Castle Rock at Edinburgh, 
Dr. Buckland found further proofs of the correctness of the glacial 
theory, by discovering at points where he anticipated they would 
occur, namely, on the north-west angle of the rock, distinct striz 
upon a vertical polished surface ; and at its base a nearly horizontal 
portion of rock, covered with deep striz; also on the south-west 
angle obscure traces of strize and polished surfaces*. Some of these 
effects may be imagined to have been produced by stones projecting 
from the sides or bottom of floating masses of ice; but it is impos- 
* In October 1840, Mr. McLaren found a polished surface on a portion 
of rock near the south-west base of Arthur’s Seat. 
Dr. Buckland has in his possession lithographs copied from drawings made 
by Mr. James Hall, of distinct west and east furrows which extend over a 
portion of the north side of the summit of Calton Hill, and on the surface 
of the carboniferous sandstone at Craig Leith Quarry. Dr. Buckland saw 
similar dressings in 1824 in a sandstone quarry near the house of Lord Jef- 
frey, two miles west of Edinburgh; and in 1840, in a railway section at 
Bangholm Bower, one mile north-east of Edinburgh, he found in stratified 
till and sand many striated and fluted boulders. 
