(348 
bottom of the valley, leading from Helvellyn by the above localities 
to Windermere, owe their form to glacial action. 
The remarkable assemblage of boulders of Criffle granite at Shalk- 
beck, between Carlisle and Cockermouth, Dr. Buckland conceives 
may have been transported across the Solway Frith on floating 
masses of ice, in the same manner as the Scandinavian blocks are 
supposed to have been conveyed across the Baltic to the plains of 
Northern Germany. 
Dispersion of Shap Fell Granite by Ice.—The difficulties which 
had long attended every attempt to explain the phenomena of the 
distribution of the Shap Fell boulders, Dr. Buckland considers, are 
entirely removed by the application of the glacial theory. One of 
_ the principal of these difficulties has been to ‘account for their disper- 
sion by the action of water ; northwards along the valley, descend- 
ing from Shap Fell to Shap and Penrith ; southwards in the direc- 
tion of Kendal and Morecombe Bay; and eastward, over the high 
table-land of Stainmoor Forest, into the valley of the Tees, as far 
as Darlington. A glacier descending northwards from the Fell 
would, on the contrary, carry with it, Dr. Buckland says, blocks to 
the village of Shap, and strew them thickly over the space where 
they are now found; another, taking a southern course, would 
drop the boulders on the hills and valleys over which the road de- 
scends by High Borough Bridge to Kendal; and a third great gla- 
cier, proceeding eastwards betwixt Crosby, Ravensworth, and Orton, 
would cross transversely the upper part of the valley of the Eden, 
near Brough, and accumulate piles of ice against the opposite escarp- 
ment until they overtopped its lowest depression in Stainmoor 
Forest, and disgorged their moraines into the valleys of the Greta 
and the Tees. There are abundant proofs, Dr. Buckland states, of 
the existence of this glacier in large mud and boulder moraines, in 
the ascent of the gorge between Shap Fell and Birbeck Fell, and in 
the furrows and striz, as well as the mammillated forms of the 
rocks at the portals of the gorge, particularly on the northern side. 
In the physical structure of this neighbourhood, Dr. Buckland 
points out other conditions which.would have facilitated the accu- 
mulation of glaciers, as the lofty mountains of Yardale Head, which 
overtop Shap Fell on the north-west, and the still higher mountains 
to the west, whose snows must have nourished enormous glaciers ; 
and he concludes by stating that Professor Agassiz, during an inde- 
pendent tour, arrived at similar conclusions respecting the mode by 
which the Shap boulders were distributed. 
ERRATA IN NUMBER SEVENTY-ONE. 
P. 314, line 31, for Hadnor read Hadsor. 
— 315, — 27, aféer Bredon dele Hill. 
— 315, — 3 from bottom, for Sessional read Sectional. 
— 316, — 13, for 387 read 587. 
— 316, — 34, for trichorhinus read tichorhimus. 
