403 
Newer Red Formations.—The manner by which the authors were 
led to believe in the existence of newer red deposits, forming a vast 
basin in the governments of Vologda, Nijnii, Kostroma, is explained 
at some length, by describing the ascending section of the Dwina, 
and by details relating to the structure of the banks of the rivers 
Volga, Okka, &c. ‘They show that, although this great red series 
of the central government agrees with that of the north, in contain- 
ing salt and gypsum, yet that it differs from the ‘old red” group in 
the lithological and zoological character of its marls, limestones, and 
fine conglomerates, none of the fishes or organic remains before 
alluded to being anywhere discoverable. In expressing their sus- 
picion that this newer red system may be found eventually to contain 
the equivalents of the upper coal measures, lower new red sandstone 
(rohie-todte liegende), magnesian conglomerate, Zechstein, and the 
Trias of German geologists, the authors reserve their opinions on 
such details until they have accomplished a tour to the Ural Moun- 
tains, on the western flanks of which they hope to detect the evi- 
dences required ; it being very difficult to trace the exact sequence 
in the flat and obscure regions over which they followed these de- 
posits to so wide an extent. 
Oolitic or Jurassic Series.—Certain rocks of the oolitic series have 
been long known to exist in the centre of Russia, and some of the 
fossils of this series were sent to England by Mr. Strangways. 
The beds of black shale which rest at once on the great red forma- 
tion along the banks of the Volga, between Kostroma and Nijnii 
Novogorod, belong unquestionably to the middle oolite, as they con- 
tain Ammonites and Belemnites, closely approaching, if not identical in 
species with those of the Oxford clay and “‘ Kelloway Rock” of Smith. 
Other fossils found near Jelatma, Kacimof' and Moscow exhibit 
close relations to the fauna of the Lias as well as to that of the mid- 
dle and lower oolite. Having examined a suite of specimens from 
Moscow, Professor Phillips confirms the views of the authors, who 
are disposed to think that the middle and lower oolite, as well as 
the Lias, are all represented in Central Russia simply by beds of 
black shale with subsidiary courses of oolitic marlstone, concretions, 
&c. Near Moscow these shales repose directly and conformably 
upon the carboniferous limestone. Among the fossils of the group 
on the Volga and the’ Okka are Ammonites flevistria, A. Gulielmi, 
A. Konigu, A. sublevis, with Gryphea Maccullochii?, &e. Among 
the fossils from Moscow are Ammonites of many species, some of 
which are figured by Fischer, others ‘are described by Professor 
Phillips, for this memoir. Belemnites absolutus (B. sulcatus, Miller); 
Serpula tetragona, Sow.; Amphidesma? donaciforme, Phill. ; Lima 
proboscidea?, Sow.; Pecten Fisherii, N.S., Inoceramus dubius, Sow.; 
(P. rugosus, Fischer) Terebratula serrata, Sow.; T. acuta, Phill. 
These forms characterize the lower oolite and lias of the British Isles. 
_Ferruginous Sand.—The shales of the oolitic series are covered 
by ferruginous sands, occasionally green, which contain large flat- 
tened concretions of grit (the Moscow millstones); but never having 
observed fossils in this rock, the authors are unwilling as yet to 
hazard an opinion regarding its age. With the exception of certain 
