4.22 
Newlands near Wynberg is a spring of sufficient volume to work two 
mills, and to discharge daily 850,000 gallons. That these springs 
are not the result of accumulations from the heights, is proved, Mr. 
Clarke says, from their not varying with the season, and because the 
water cannot be made to rise above the level at which it appears. 
Detritus.—The accumulations described under this head are en- 
tirely local, being derived from the subjacent or neighbouring rocks. 
The smooth and rounded granite boulders also do not extend beyond 
the range of the granite, but Mr. Clarke is of opinion that the ancient 
currents which flowed over the Cape Flats may have assisted in their 
partial removal, and may have rounded some of them. In the in- 
terior, masses of granite, similar to the Tors of Dartmoor, are stated 
to occur. 
Geological changes.—The first points noticed by Mr. Clarke, are 
the protrusion of the granite through the slates at the Lion’s Head, the 
consequent vertical position of the schistose beds, the occurrence of 
fragments of granite in blocks of sandstone; and the proofs deducible 
from the granite veins which penetrate and alter the gneiss, as well as 
traverse the superincumbent sandstone, of the granite, since its first 
elevation, having been re-heated. He also alludes to the quartz veins 
which are crossed by others of the same nature, as evidences of there 
having been two periods of action during which the rock was fissured _ 
and veins formed; and to the trap dykes, as proofs of igneous acti- 
vity since the consolidation of the granite. He likewise mentions 
the softening or the decomposition of the granite where traversed by 
trap dykes. 
The author next describes the changes in the relative level of land 
and sea. Everything, he says, tends to confirm the inference, that 
the whole country was at a comparatively recent period under water. 
Thus the shingle beds, resting upon granite, at Cobler’s Hole, prove 
an elevation of at least 400 feet since the present species of testacea 
inhabited the adjacent seas; and he adds, ‘“‘ ‘The water-worn masses 
of sandstone and the hollows in the beds of that rock zn situ, iden- 
tical with those now produced by sea-waves beating against a cliff, 
equaliy prove the condition of previous elevation ; and the steep sides 
of the granite, in parallel lines of coast, also lead to the conclusion that 
they were so modified by currents acting in lines coincident with their 
direction.” ‘The occurrence of marine shells in the sand at the Cape 
Flats likewise shows that the sea once covered that district ; and the 
grooves and scratches at the Lion’s Rump, Mr. Clarke observes, 
justly lead to the inference of elevation. Before the commencement 
of these changes in the relative level of land and sea, False Bay and 
Table Bay must have been united by a sheet of water more than 
sixty fathoms deep, extending over the flats, and the Cape Promontory 
must have been an island. To the action of the sea at that period Mr. 
Clarke attributes the production of the felspathic clay, and its accu- 
mulation at the Lion’s Rump; and to the action of currents at an 
earlier period, when the summit of the Table range lay as islands 
and reefs not far above the level of the sea, the removal of the sand- 
stone and the excavation of the granite at the Kloof, also the denu- 
