568 
the strata present little variety, but the last 2000 feet of ascent con- 
sist of rugged, black and grayish blue limestone, similar to that at 
Mussoori. The descent towards the Tonse exhibits slates similar to 
those previously described, dipping between north and east. They 
are occasionally intersected by greenstone containing pistacite, and 
passing in some places into hornblende slate and serpentine. At the 
village of Kundah, before reaching the Tonse, limestone reappears, 
highly inclined to the north-east, and extends to the bridge. The 
bed of the Tonse, and of its tributary the Paber, are filled with 
boulders of gneiss, and they occur at heights of 200 feet above those 
rivers. The slate rocks, in ascending the river-valleys, change in 
their composition from that previously exhibited; containing, first, 
frequently nodules and layers of quartz, and, though rarely, of fel- 
spar, and afterwards passing into well-defined gneiss ; and still fur- 
ther, as at Raeenghur and Rooroo, different varieties of gneiss alter- 
nate with talc-slate, quartzose slate and mica slate. ‘This progress- 
ive change, from the party-coloured earthy slates of Mussoori to 
crystalline schists, on approaching the higher ranges of mountains 
covered with perpetual snow, perfectly accords, Mr. Everest states, 
with what he had previously observed in two journeys to the sources 
of the Ganges and the Jumna. The dip of the beds in the valleys of 
the Tonse and Paber is to the north-east. 
At Rooroo Mr. Everest quitted the course of the Paber and 
crossed the mountain range to the valley of the Sutluj. The highest 
point which he attained on this ridge was only 8000 feet above the 
level of the sea, andit was then, the middle of April, nearly free from 
snow. From the view which this pass afforded, the author ascer- 
tained that the country shelves or declines from the north-east to the 
south-west, the mountains between the north and east rising far above 
the limits of forests and being white with snow, while among those 
to the westward or southward few peaks appeared above the range 
of forests, and little snow was seen. The rocks composing this moun- 
tain range consist near Rooroo of mica slate, with a very slight dip to 
the east and south-east, but the inclination of the beds in ascending 
towards the pass becomes considerable, but in the same direction. 
North of Kersole (lat. 31° 25!, long. 77° 33! E.) gneiss appears dipping 
south and south-east, and approaching occasionally granite in cha- 
racter. Thisrock ranges half way to the Sutluj, where black, com- 
pact limestone, and black, glimmering, soft slate are exposed. Near 
the junction of the Nuggur with the Sutluj, strata of crystalline, 
white quartz slate dip to the south, and are traversed by a mass of 
greenstone, which first rises vertically through the strata, then passes 
horizontally between them, and finally bursts upwards and projects 
above the surface. Where the position of the greenstone conforms to 
the bedding of the slate, the laminz of mica and hornblende assume 
a similar arrangement, and where the greenstone intersects the slate, 
those minerals have a position vertical to it. A gradual passage from 
greenstone into the quartz slate was likewise noticed by the author. 
About two miles below Rampore (lat. 31° 34’, long. 77° 30'), 
in the valley of the Sutluj, quartz slate alternates with chlorite 
