604 
are stated to be thrown into great confusion by faults ranging north 
and south. The boundary between this and the upper division is 
drawn by the author from Newby Bridge to Witherslack ; but from 
Whitborrow to the Lune, the southern edge of the deposit is over- 
laid unconformably by various rocks of more modern date. East of 
the Lune the Windermere rocks are stated to be less concealed ‘by 
other formations, the southern boundary ranging from a little east of 
Barbon to Barbon Fell House, where it is again overlaid by carbo- 
niferous limestone. The only traces of organic remains mentioned 
by the author are some crushed specimens, one of which he considers 
to be a Phragmoceras. 
3c. Upper Division.—This division consists of hard, compact, 
purplish greywacke, little affected by cleavage, and can be distin- 
guished from the Ludlow rocks only by the absence of fossils. ‘The 
strata are greatly disturbed by north and south anticlinal faults. 
The division is exposed in only two limited districts; one south of 
Windermere, and the other east of the Lune, constituting Barbon 
Beacon and the western end of Casterton Fell, all the intermediate 
district being occupied by newer formations. 
4, Ludlow Rocks.—This series rests, the author says, unconform- 
ably on the Windermere beds ; but the want of conformity is stated 
to be inferred, not from the usual evidence of irregular deposition at 
the passage beds, but from the relative position of the two formations, 
the Ludlow rocks resting, in different places, on the middle and 
upper divisions of the Windermere series. The deposit is composed 
of hard, purplish gray, argillaceous strata, and though imtersected by 
several cleavage plains, does not possess a slaty structure. The lines 
of stratification are usually well marked by thin rotten layers full 
of casts of shells, the intermediate portions being devoid of organic 
remains. ‘The range of the Ludlow rocks, as limited by the author 
to beds which contain fossils, and commencing west of Kendal Fell, 
is stated to be a narrow strip at the base of Underbarrow Scar; and 
on the east of Kendal Fell, isa patch on the Tenter Fell, north-west 
of Kendal. In the valley of the Kent, the Ludlow rocks are con- 
cealed by newer deposits ; but east of the valley they constitute the 
high anticlinal ridge of Benson Knot and Helme, the top of the latter, 
however, being old red sandstone ; they occupy also all the countiy 
thence to the Lune, except the highest point of Lupton Fell, where 
the Windermere rocks are brought to the surface, being bounded on 
the west, south, and east by mountain limestone or old red sandstone. 
The usual strike of the beds is said by the author to be north and south, 
and the dip either east or west, the strike conforming to the direction 
of the principal faults. The chief anticlinal north and south ridges 
are stated to be Benson Knot, Helme, Old Hutton Common, and 
Lupton Fell: several east and west faults are likewise mentioned 
in the paper ; asin Lambrigg Park and Fell, in Mansergh Common, 
west of Lunesdale, and at Old Town. 
A gradual passage from the upper beds of the Ludlow rocks into 
the tilestone of the old red sandstone is exposed at the top of Helme 
at Old Town and the southern part of Mansergh Common; and 
