607 
agree with the upper division of the upper Silurian rocks of Den- 
bighshire, as described by the late Mr. Bowman*. With respect 
to the Windermere series, the author likewise hesitates to place it 
on an exact parallel with any of the subdivisions of the Silurian as 
described in Mr. Murchison’s work, but he states that it precisely 
agrees in part with lower divisions of the Denbighshire upper Silu- 
rian rocks, both in general characters and the details of the com- 
ponent strata. The Coniston limestone Mr. Sharpe, as already 
stated, prefers to consider as a lower Silurian deposit, than as the 
equivalent of any one of the members of that series of rocks. 
The author then enters upon the inquiry of the principal epochs 
of disturbance and elevation of the Westmoreland rocks; and he 
shows, Ist, that the earliest period of disturbance was connected 
with the outburst of the Shap granite; inferring, from the conform- 
ity of the Windermere rocks with the Coniston limestone, that all 
these series were deposited before the outbreak of the granite ; 2nd, 
that the old red sandstone resting horizontally on the elevated rocks 
of Shap Fell, proves that this formation was accumulated after the 
disturbance consequent upon the protrusion of the granite; 3rd, 
that all the faults which affect the old red sandstone, or any newer 
formation, are more modern than the outburst of the granite. 
Although difficulties attend the fixing of the age of the Ludlow rocks 
relative to the outburst of the granite, on account of the complicated 
irregularity of the position of the former, yet the author thinks, that 
from the want of conformity of the Ludlow rocks to the Windermere, 
and from the faults which traverse them extending into the old red 
sandstone, that they were deposited subsequently to the protrusion 
of the granite. Having thus defined the limit of that event, Mr. 
Sharpe proceeds to show its effects. In the south of Westmoreland, 
he says, it threw ito a high angle the strata of Coniston limestone 
and Windermere schists, and produced the great east and west faults 
around Coniston and Windermere, as well as in Middleton and Cas- 
terton Fells; likewise the dislocations of the Coniston limestone, 
with their prolongations in the valleys of Coniston, Esthwaite, Win- 
dermere, Kentmere, Long Sleddale, &c., which are not continued 
into the Ludlow rocks. These valleys, or lines of cracks, Mr. Sharpe 
says, are quite distinct in character from the north and south syn- 
clinal valleys in those rocks; he is also of opinion that the valley 
of the Lune had a similar origin, but the older rocks bemg con- 
cealed by newer deposits, its resemblance to the other valleys 1 is less 
complete. 
Mr. Sharpe did not observe any proof of the Ludlow rocks having 
been disturbed anterior to the deposition of the old red sandstone, 
but, he says, there is abundant evidence of both those formations 
having been dislocated before the accumulation of the mountain 
limestone, as the limestone of Kendal Fell rests in a nearly horizontal 
position upon the upraised edges of an anticlinal ridge of Ludlow 
rocks, from which a covering of old red sandstone is considered to 
* Atheneum, No. 719, Aug. 7, 1841. 
