774 
honeycombed and perforated exactly in the same manner as the 
limestone on the shore of many parts of Asia Minor, being the ope- 
ration of a very minute boring animal. 
The igneous rocks constitute the ridges next in altitude as the 
lesser Elias and the southern mount of Skathee, besides a great por- 
tion of the ridge connecting it with Attayaro and a few others. 
The tertiary deposits are assigned by Mr. Spratt to a period poste- 
rior to the outburst of the igneous rocks, and when only the higher 
ranges of hills were above the sea level. They consist of sands and 
marls tranquilly accumulated in horizontal beds, and are distributed in 
basins which occupy nearly a third of the island; but having been 
extensively denudated, they are intersected by deep and wide valleys. 
The western basins are distinguished from the eastern by containing 
only freshwater remains. In the hill to the west of Kalavorda the 
author obtained similar testacea, marine shells being also apparently 
wanting, but his examination of it was limited. In some of the 
neighbouring ridges similar strata are also considered to be destitute 
of organic remains. 
No river now flows through the district containing the freshwater 
deposits, except a small stream about the size of the Bournarbashi 
of the Troad, nevertheless broad shingle beds traverse the longer 
valleys and form a remarkable feature in the western division of the 
island. Mr, Spratt is of opinion that these valleys were the channels 
of very considerable streams which once flowed from the mountains, 
and that the accumulations are too great to be accounted for by the 
torrents of the present winters. - 
The eastern tertiary deposits contain only marine remains, but in 
vast abundance in some localities, as in the basins of Lardose, Archan- 
gilo, and Koskinou, which the author says, appear to have»been inlets 
or channels protected hy the high peaks around the base of which the 
deposits now lie in horizontal terraces or zones. At Lardose the 
fossils are most numerous in an insulated hillock of loose sand behind 
the village, and Mr. Spratt procured there specimens of almost every 
species which he obtained elsewhere. A quarter of a mile to the 
northward he noticed a bed of gigantic oysters and “ scollops ”’; the 
diameter of one of the largest being thirteen inches, and the thickness 
of one of its valves five inches. 
Near Melona and Archangilo fossils may be procured in abun- 
dance, but the species are grouped; and about a mile north of the 
latter place the author found on the end of a low ridge which pro- 
jected into the plain, a thin stratum of calcareous sand containing 
numerous fossil leaves, also marine shells and an ichthyolite. The 
‘leaves resembled those of the olive, oleander, and plane tree, now 
growing on the island. 
In the neighbourhood of Koskinou and Rhodes fossils are also very 
abundant, especially in the upper deposits. Mr. Spratt gives the 
following list of the strata exhibited in a hill near the town of Rhodes, 
and he says that it affords a type of the whole of the adjacent depo- 
sits, with the exception of the distribution of the fossils, which are 
sometimes wanting, sometimes plentiful, in the same bed. 
