306 Telescopes — Life of Framihofer. 



ever, served only to redouble the efforts of our author ; and 

 though he had no vvhidow in his sleeping chamber, and was 

 prcjhibited from using a light, yet he acquired a considerable 

 knowledge ol' mathematics and optics, and endeavored to 

 apply them to his own schemes. 



In order to obtain more leisure, he employed the remain- 

 der of the royal present in buying up the last six months of 

 his apprenticeship ; and that he might gain some money for 

 his optical experiments, he engraved visiting cards without 

 ever having been taught the art of engraving. Unfortunate- 

 ly, however, the war which then desolated Europe put an 

 end to the sale of his cards, and left him in greater exigen- 

 cies than before. 



Notwithstanding the kind assurances of protection which 

 the king had given him, Fraunhofer had not courage to re- 

 quest it, and he was therefore compelled to devote himself to 

 the grinding and polishing of glasses, still continuing to de- 

 vote his Sundays to the study of the mathematics. 



Mr. Utzschneider was at this time seldom at Munich, and 

 could do nothing for our young artist ; but he recommended 

 him to a professor of the name of Schiegg, well versed in 

 mathematics and natural philosophy, who paid frequent visits 

 to Fraunhofer. 



About this time was formed the celebrated establishment 

 at Benedictbauern, near Munich, by MM. Reichenbach, 

 Utzschneider, and Liebherr, and in August 1804, they be- 

 gan the manufacture of optical and mathematical instru- 

 ments, which were divided by the new machine of Reichen- 

 bach and Liebherr. The whole of the apparatus was made 

 there excepting the lenses, for they could not procure good 

 crown and fimt glass, and wanted also a skilful optician, 

 ¥/ith this great defect, the establishment would certainly 

 have failed, unless they had endeavored to supply it. 



Mr. Utzschneider now undertook a journey to make in- 

 quiry respecting crown and flint -glass, and respecting a 

 skilful working optician ; but, after all his labors, he was 

 convinced that the new establishment had no alternative 

 but to form an optician within its own bosom. Through 

 Captain Grouner of Berne, he had heard of the labors 

 of Louis M. Guinand, an optician at Brenetz, in Neucha- 

 tel, and having received from him some specimens of his 

 flint glass, he was so pleased with them that he paid a 

 visit to Brenetz, and engaged Guinand to accompany him 

 to Munich. As soon as he arrived there, which was in 



