Protection of Persons from Fire. 119 



Fig. 3. A cup or saucer of porcelain, under which is placed a 

 wire gauze, or a piece of amianthine cloth, to shew that the flame of 

 alcohol is extinguished as soon as it approaches either of them, al- 

 though the cup alone, at the same distance, does not produce this 

 effect. 



Fig. 4. This arrangement, destined to measure the action of the 

 same flame at different distances, requires no particular description. 

 In announcing the results, it is indispensable to note the size of the 

 flame during the experiment. 



Fig. 5. Wire gauze, of which the meshes are of different sizes. 

 Parallel wires of different sizes, and more or less distant from each 

 other, may thus be tried. By means of fig. 4, or other similar ar- 

 rangement, their action on the flame is easily ascertained. 



Fig. 6. Apparatus for determining, by means of the thermometer, 

 the interior temperature of fig. 2, by varying the distance and volume 

 of the flame. 



Fig. 7. Cage of wire gauze, for conveying animals through flame. 

 The bottom of this cage must have the form of a truncated pyra- 

 mid, on which the animals must be placed, on wooden supports, ren- 

 dered incombustible by chemical solutions. 



Fig. 8. A stool, on which the firemen raise themselves for any 

 special purpose. It should be of about sixteen inches diameter, and 

 ought not to be less than four inches high. But it would be well to 

 have them of different heights. 



Fig. 9. Also for experiments on flame at different distances, and 

 with different intervening obstacles. Its use will be manifest from 

 the figure. 



Fig. 10. A case of amianthus with its cover, of the same mate- 

 rial. Its use is to enclose papers, or other objects to which its size 

 may be adapted. In lieu of cylinders, boxes may be made, of any 

 desired shape. Pasteboard of amianthus answers well for this pur- 

 pose. The tubes or boxes should be covered with wire gauze. 



Fig. 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. Various forms of the safety lanthorn 

 for domestic, country or city use. That of fig . 12, with a double 

 envelope of very fine copper gauze, may be safely taken into arse- 

 nals and powder magazines. Fig. 15, represents the firemen's 

 lamp ; and in fg. 16, is seen the arrangement of the holes of the 

 circular plate of this lamp. The flame of it, is that of a wax can- 

 dle enclosed in a tube, and kept up by a wire spring. Its envelope 

 should have at least sixteen meshes per inch, or two hundred and 

 fifty-six per square inch. 



