182 Miscellanies. 



10. Arrangement of Rocks. — Dr. K. C. Von Leonhard, professoT 

 of Mineralogy and Geology at Heidleberg, dissatisfied with the old 

 division of rocks into Primitive, Transition and Secondary, has pro- 

 posed the following, which he regards as better defined by analogies 

 of character, better connected by reciprocal gradation, by organ-* 

 ic remains, and by a constant, or at least a very frequent, appearance 

 of various members of such groups. 



I. Postdiluvial. 



11. Diluvial. 



III. Fresh water Gypsum, with coarse limestone, (grob kalk) and 



plastic clay. 



IV. Chalk and green sand. 



V. Jura and oolite limestone^ 

 VI. Lias and Keuper. 



VII. Shell limestone (muschel kalk) and variegated sandstone. 

 VEIL Magnesian limestone, (zechstein) and red sandstone, (tod-lie- 

 gendes) 

 XI. Coal. 



X. Transition limestone, greywacke, and clay slate. — Jameson^s 

 Journal, Oct. 1830. 



11. Enormous quantity of iron manufactured, and of coal consu- 

 med in Wales. [Foster, in Transactions of the Natural Society of 

 Northumberland, Durham and Nexocastle.) — The quantity of iron an- 

 nually manufactured in Wales, has been calculated at about 270,000 

 ons. Of this quantity a proportion of about three fourths is made 

 into bars, and one fourth sold as pigs and castings. The quantity of 

 coal required for its manufacture on the average of the whole, in- 

 cluding that used by engines, workmen, &c. will be about 5^ tons 

 for each ton of iron ; the annual consumption of coal by the iron- 

 works will therefore be about 1,500,000 tons. The quantity used in 

 smelting of copper ore, imported from Cornwall, in the manufacture of 

 tin plate, forging of ironfor various purposes, and for domestic uses may 

 be calculated at 350,000, which makes altogether the annual consump- 

 tion of coal in V^ales= 1,850,000 tons. The annual quantity of iron 

 manufactured in Great Britian is 690,000 tons. From this statement 

 it will be observed that the quantity of ii'on smelted in Wales, is up- 

 wards of one third of the total quantity made in Great Britain. The 

 manufacture of the Welsh Iron is in the hands of a few extensive cap- 

 italists, and is carried on with great spirit and attention to improve- 

 ment. The principal works are in the town of Merthyr, and its im- 

 mediate neighborhood ; and as the greatest proportion of metal pro- 

 duced is manufactured into bar iron, a process which in the refining. 



