THE CAZADERO DAM, ON THE COIvUMBIA RIVER, OREGON 
Note the fish ladder just to the right of the dam. The fish attack the fall along its entire 
length, but the best place from which to photograph them is in the corner under the head of 
the ladder. The Cazadero Dam is 40 feet high, so of course it is impassable, but the fish 
never seemed discouraged. Morning and evening, all during the run, they leaped at the foot 
of the apron, apparently undaunted by the heavy blows received in landing on the bucket or 
the rocks (see photos, pages 506 to 515). The hatchery is located in a curve of the big 
flume leading from the dam, and about a quarter of a mile downstream. Photo and note by 
Shirley C. Hulse. 
nets, and giving' canners all the raw ma- 
terial they can use. The next year the 
species is so scarce as to be practically 
absent. 
In 1907 the Pnget Sound canners pre- 
pared 433,423 cases of humpbacks, but 
in 1908 they were able to secure only 
enough fish to make 6,075 cases. In 1909 
the pack was 370,993 cases, while in 19 10 
only 108 cases could be filled. During 
the six even years immediately preceding" 
1908 the statistics show no humpbacks 
whatever canned. 
This periodicity is an indication of the 
age of the fish when mature. In the case 
of the blueback, a large run, with the 
deposition of a large quantity of spawn, 
has its major eftect four years later in 
the same region — that is, the normal life 
of this species, from its birth as an egg 
to its death as a parent, is four years. 
The humpback, on the other hand, is a 
biennial species, a heavy run, with a cor- 
responding egg crop, having its effect 
two years later. Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, 
who has made prolonged studies of the 
Pacific salmon in the interests of the 
government, announces, as a practically 
accurate statement of fact, that the 
hiunpback dies on its second birthday. 
In view of the excellent quality of the 
humpback and its growing importance as 
a fresh and preserved fish, the govern- 
ment now proposes to make a determined 
effort to establish in Puget Sound a large 
run during the off years. This experi- 
ment will extend over several seasons, 
and will involve the transfer from Alaska 
of perhaps a hundred million humpback 
eggs for hatching on Puget Sound. If 
successful it will prove tremendously im- 
portant commercially, and incidentally 
the efiicacy of artificial propagation will 
be submitted to a crucial test. 
500 
