Rivers of Northern New Jersey. 109 
nisse in Wien, 1888) from which the following historical notes 
are taken to illustrate the gradual overthrow of the fracture 
theory of cross valleys by the introduction of the idea that rivers 
can sometimes cut down their beds as fast as the land is uplifted 
or upfolded beneath them. 
Ferd. Rémer. Die jurassische Weserkette. Zeit. d. deutsch. 
geol. Gesellsch., ix, 1857, 581. The deepening of valleys by 
rivers and streams must keep pace with the gradual elevation of 
continental masses. The Porta Westphalica has thus been cut by 
the Weser in the Wiehen-Weser range, in the northeastern part 
of Westphalia. 
A similar suggestion was briefly made a little later by Bischoff, 
‘to explain the gorge of the Rhine below Bingen. Lehrb. d. 
chem. u. phys. Geol., 2 Aufl., 1, 374, 382: and again independ- 
ently for the same river by Diicker. Zeitschr. d. Gesellsch. f. 
Erdk. Berlin, v, 1870, 183. 
Giimbel explained the course of the Altmiihl, a branch of the 
Danube which crosses the Frankish Jura in northwestern Bavaria, 
by supposing its course was defined before and maintained during 
the deformation of the range. Bavaria: Landes- und Volks- 
kunde des Kénigreichs Bayern, 1865, ii, 756. 
Medlicott recognized that many streams flowing from the inner 
- Himalaya are older than the outer ranges, and showed reason for 
believing that they held their places while the outer ranges were 
tilted up. Mem. Geol. Survey India, iti, 1865, 6, 122, 127, 157, 
163. A little later, he applied the same Hadmetion to some 
Alpine rivers. The Alps and the Himalayas, a geological com- 
parison. Q. Journ. Geol. Soc., London, xiv, 1868, 47, 52. 
Wynne explains the Indus and adjacent rivers as of greater age 
than the elevation of the Salt Range in northwestern India. 
Mem. Geol. Survey India, xi, 1875 ; xiv, 1878. 
Riitimeyer recognized the possibility of uprising ranges being 
cut down by transverse rivers, but regarded the occurrence as a 
rare one, thinking that lakes would generally appear behind such 
a, growing barrier. He emphasized the idea that erosion works 
upstream, which Lowl has later developed farther. Ueber Thal- 
und Seebildung, Basel, 1869; 2 Aufl., 1874. 
Tietze regarded the merenicnce of rivers across growing x ranges 
as the rule rather than the exception. Die Bildung von Quer- 
thilern. Jahrb. d. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst., 1878, 581. 
