ETRURIA OAPTA. 165 



of this character, with pex'pendicular and horizontal inter- 

 secting lines, and with crosses contained within them, in some 

 Etruscan, and in the Celtiberian inscriptions. In Celtibe" 

 rian, O with a dot in the centre represents the Etruscan m- 

 I have not determined with exactness enough for dogmatism 

 the different vowel values and positions indicated by the 

 other forms. Examples : AO roma, OA umra, (Umbra) OV 

 ambe, YO pimo. 



R. I do not recognize this as a character per se. It is a variant 

 of P. 



S. Z. M. = na, no, nu, an, on, un. The two last, on and un, when 

 initial at least, are generally represented by IE, IS, one, uno. 

 But the character M seems specially to indicate these sounds, 

 when the initial vowel or aspirate character is dispensed 

 with. However, M is very often interchangeable with S. 

 The Z is simply a variant of S, and, as far as I can judge, 

 marks a different class of writings, differing chronologically 

 or geographically. Examples : AS rano, ES nion, SI anai, 

 MPAN ondoreak. 



T. SeeY. 



Y = be, bi, pe, pi, eb, ib, ep, ip. Examples : YF begi, LY azpi, 

 Y8 ibil, YY kube, now jabe. 



Y. T, = ko, ku, go, gu. I do not think that originally it repre- 

 sented any other sounds than these. There can be no doubt 

 that YY kupi, kube, kobe, is the same word as the modern 

 Basque jabe, jauhe, lord, but it is better to regard jabe as a 

 corruption of kohe, than to enlarge the powers of Y. When 

 j and ch represent original gutturals, the words in which these 

 letters occur may be looked for tmder Y, !N", X and F. When 

 they represent original sibilants, they should be found under 

 C, L and J. 



i = go. This character, as I have indicated, is nowhere to be 

 found in the Eugubine Tables. It was thus not an essential 

 part of the Etruscan syllabary, I have also shewn that its 

 hieroglyphic origin is the same as that of Y. In the majority 

 of instances in which I have met with it in the inscriptions, 

 it has simply replaced Y, with the value go. But in other 

 exceptional instances it has appeared with Y in the form 

 XY, and there have been instances in which fi'om analogy 



