2 6r. G. Hubbard — The Evolution of Commerce. 



the shore of the Red sea. Solomon made a navy of shii3S and 

 Hiram sent in the navy his " Servants, shipmen that had knowl- 

 edge of the sea, and they brought gold from Ophir, great plenty 

 of almug trees, and precious stones." 



Tyre and Sidon founded colonies on the shores of the Mediter- 

 ranean, enslaving the S]3aniards and compelling them to work 

 the mines of gold and silver already opened in Spain. Their ships 

 sailed through the Mediterranean, by the Pillars of Hercules, into 

 the Atlantic ocean, turning northward to England for tin and 

 coj)per and on into the Baltic sea for furs and amber ; turning 

 southward along the western coast of Africa, passing certainly 

 two thousand miles to the equator and probably rounding the 

 cape of Good Hope into the Indian ocean.,. Products from the 

 west were brought in ships to Tyre and Sidon and exchanged 

 for the goods of the east, their merchants making profits on each 

 transaction both as merchants and as carriers. Tyre and Sidon 

 became wealthy, luxurious, and effeminate. Some of their citi- 

 zens saw in Africa a richer soil and a better situation for a 

 large city, and founded Carthage. The Carthagenians inherited 

 the trade of Tyre and Sidon, and in addition opened highways 

 to Egypt and into the interior of Africa, bartering their wares in 

 Egypt for corn and grain and in Africa for ivory, gems and 

 slaves. They planted colonies in Africa and Sicily, and for a 

 time were successful rivals of Greece and Rome. 



The rule of the ocean transferred from Asia to Africa remained 

 there but a short time, for the day of Europe came with the rise 

 of Greece and Rome. 



The Greeks founded colonies in Asia Minor, Sicily, and Italy. 

 The ruins of great cities with Grecian temples and amphitheaters 

 are found at Girgenti and Syracuse in Sicily, at Psestum and 

 other places in Italy. Under Pyrrhus, their armies were defeated 

 by the Romans and her colonies captured. Deprived of these, 

 her power rapidly declined and she became a Roman province. 



Rome. 



Rome founded few colonies, but she conquered the nations of 

 Asia, Africa, and Europe, and brought under her sway cities, 

 kingdoms and empires. She boasted of five hundred cities in 

 her Asiatic province that had been founded or enlarged and 

 beautified by the Caesars. One hundred and twenty vessels each 



