Photo and copyright by B. W. Kilburn 

 THE CEOTH MARKET IN WARSAW 



"Warsaw has iDCcome under Russian rule a great industrial and commercial center. It 

 manufactures machinery, carriages, and woven goods, and it trades in these things and in 

 the animal and food products of Russian Poland. A large export of leather and coal to 

 Russia passes through Warsaw" (see text, page 91). 



city's production is the output of hand- 

 work, and here are to be found some of 

 the poorest, most patient, and persistent 

 artificers of the western world. There 

 are 50 book-printing establishments in 

 the city, most of them eng-agd in the labor 

 of promoting the supremacy of the Rus- 

 sian language. 



Russian is the language of instruction 

 in nearly all of the Warsaw schools. It 

 is also the language of the government 

 and of polite and learned society. This 

 currency of the conquerors' tongue has 

 deeply tinged the life of old Warsaw, and 

 the Polish spirit of proud, ostentatious 

 frolic has taken on a color of melancholy 

 and meditative reflection. The Warsaw 

 medical school is famous, as is also its 

 school of art. Its musical conservatory 



is modeled upon those of Petrograd and 

 Moscow, and the un-Polish music of 

 Rimsky-Korsakov, Balakirev, Caesar Cui, 

 and Cliaikovsky has replaced the lighter 

 of native fancy. 



Russia's troubles 



If Russia got the bulk of Poland's ter- 

 ritory and the major portion of the Po- 

 lish population, she also got by far the 

 larger part of the Polish problem. Rus- 

 sian Poland was the cradle of the Polish 

 race — a land in which both ruling aristo- 

 crat and serving peasant were Poles. 

 The result was that Poland became a 

 thorn in the side of Russia, causing the 

 Empire no end of trouble and bringing 

 upon the heads of the Poles in turn no 

 end of repressive measures. Indeed, at 



92 



