could secure any information that would 

 lead us to confirm or abandon our first 

 ideas in regard to the identity of Tanipu- 

 tocco and ■Machu Picchu. There is no 

 reference to jNIachu Picchu in any of the 

 chronicles. 



The most satisfactory accounts of 

 Tampu-tocco occur in the writings of 

 Montesinos. Fernando Montesinos was 

 an ecclesiastical lawyer, who appears to 

 have gone to Peru in 1629 as a follower 

 of that well-known viceroy, the Count of 

 Chinchon, whose wife contracted malaria, 

 was cured by the use of Peruvian bark, 

 or quinine, and was instrumental in the 

 introduction of this bark into Europe — a 

 fact which is commemorated by the bo- 

 tanical name of the genus cinchona. 



Montesinos appears to have given him- 

 self over entirely to historical research. 

 He traveled extensively in Peru and 

 wrote several books. His history of the 

 Incas was spoiled by the introduction, in 

 which he contended that Peru was peo- 

 pled by Armenians under the leadership 

 of Ophir, the great-grandson of Noah ! 

 More recently, however. Sir Clements 

 Markham, the dean of Peruvian archeol- 

 ogists, and other students of the history 

 of the Incas, have been inclined to place 

 greater credence in the statements of 

 Montesinos. His references to Tampu- 

 tocco are of considerable value, because 

 they seem to throw light on the former 

 history of Machu Picchu. 



AXCIEXT IXVASIONS 01^ PERU 



Montesinos states that during the rule 

 of one of the Amautas, or kings, of those 

 whom we refer to generally as the mega- 

 lithic people, racial invasions took place. 

 The invaders came to Peru from the 

 regions south of Tucuman, in northwest- 

 ern Argentina, and continued as far as 

 the upper A'llcanota A'alley. There also 

 came over the Andes at that time large 

 numbers of people seeking new lands, 

 fleeing from a race of giants (possibly 

 the Patagonians or Araucanians) , who 

 had expelled them from their own lands. 

 On their journey they passed over plains, 

 swamps, and jungles. 



These racial migrations appear to have 

 continued for some time. Montesinos 

 tells us that in the reign of Pachacuti Yl, 

 the sixty-second Peruvian Amauta, who 

 reigned about the time of Christ, there 



SIL\'ER RINGS AND A DECORATED BRONZE 



BRACELET OF PROBABLY THE INCA 



PERIOD 



Found at Machu Picchu b}" the National 

 Geographic Societj^-Yale University Expedi- 

 tion, lyi times natural size. 



came from the Andes, as well as from 

 Brazil and the north, large hordes of 

 fierce people, who waged wars of long 

 duration. During these wars the ancient 

 or "megalithic" civilization that had ex- 

 isted up to that time was destroyed. 



The king, Pachacuti "\"I, was more re- 

 ligious than warlike. His soothsayers and 

 priests frightened him with many bad 

 omens ; so that, filled with anguish and 

 melancholy, he did nothing but make sac- 

 rifices to the deities. Meanwhile he or- 

 dered his governors and captains to for- 

 tify the strategic points and make prep- 

 arations for defense against the great 

 hordes of invaders, the fiercest of which 

 came from the south with large armies, 

 laying waste the fields and capturing the 

 cities and towns. 



173 



