1 90 Dr. Borre's Koiices of Foreign Geology. 



have appeared, the old red and coaly sandstone are more 

 hke grau wacke, and a sandstone distinguished by the small 

 remains of vegetables. Such is the composition of the old 

 red sandstone of the northern part of the Alps. 



On the south side of the Alps, porphyries abound under 

 the limestones, with the old red sandstone. The Zechstein 

 is there separated from the sandstone and alternates with 

 the rocks of the coal formation. When the porphyries have 

 appeared late, and the old red sand stone presents itself be- 

 low the coal, there is a great deposit of red ground or se- 

 cond floetz sandstone, as for instance in the Voages, the 

 Hartz, he. 



In Germany, you find above the old red sandstone, the 

 Zechstein more or less compact, porous and magnesian with 

 Fiustrae, Terebatrulae &c. it is truly the magnesian hmestone 

 of England with the same organic remains. It also contains 

 the ferriferous limestone of the Germans and the Hohlenkalk 

 of the Thuringewald. This limestone exists in France, also. 

 Above this rock is the red ground or variegated sandstone, 

 it is the common repository of the salt. In the upper part 

 there are sometimes beds of oolite belonging to the muschel- 

 kalk or second floetz limestone which lies every where u^- 

 onthisred ground. This formation is characterized by its com- 

 pactness and by its encrinites, terebratulites and pectinites, 

 it is very abundant in Germany — it is found in the north east 

 part of France, at Nevres &;c. — it is unknown in England. 



Above the last is the Quadusandstein or third floetz sand- 

 stone, which is also wanting in England ; it exists also here 

 and there in France. It is whitish, yellowish or brownish, 

 and sometimes ferruginous; it rarely contains mineral char- 

 coal, ph coal, bituminous wood, impressions of monocotyle- 

 dons and branches of trees. Pectinites, turbiuites, bivalves, 

 strombites, and gryphites are often found in it. Above this 

 is the Jura limestone or third floetz limestone, the superpo- 

 sition is seen in Suabia, Westphalia and France. In Eng- 

 land, the Jura limestone includes all from the Lias to the 

 Iron sand. In the true Jura chain, the second floetz lime- 

 stone appears, here and there, under the Jura limestone, as 

 near Basil. The Jura limestone is sometimes divided into 

 first, marles with the grypkite limestone, as in the island of 

 Sky and in Ireland, second, into compact and ooUtic lime- 

 stone, third, into limestone with many organic remains (at 



