DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN RACE. 287 
called. So far as California is concerned, the evidence all points in this 
direction. The implements, tools, and works of art obtained are throughout 
in harmony with each other, all being the simplest and least artistic of which 
it is possible to conceive. Whether found in the strata under the basaltic 
lava, or above, at any point or depth in the detritus, we always recognize the 
same type. 
There is nothing about either the remains of man or his works which 
indicates anything different from what we find in other parts of the wold 
wherever the lowest stratum of humanity has been reached, or essentially 
different from what is now existing in California itself. Hence we may 
quote Huxley’s statement in regard to the Engis and Neanderthal skulls, 
and, introducing the necessary modification demanded by the Californian 
discoveries, say that the advocates of progressive development must look 
farther back than the Pliocene (if that be the correct term to apply to 
the strata underlying the basalt) for traces of the primordial stock. 
It is evident that there has been no unfolding of the intellectual faculties 
of the human race on this continent which can be parallelized with that 
which has taken place in Central Europe. We can recognize no palzeolithic, 
neolithic, bronze, or iron ages. Over most of the continent man cannot, as 
it seems to the writer, be considered as having made any essential progress 
towards civilization. What the exact relations of the intellectual develop- 
ment of the Central and some of the South American peoples, to our civiliza- 
tion are, it is not easy to understand. At present our stock of information is 
so scanty that generalizations cannot be too cautiously drawn. 
The steps of progress in Central Europe which are indicated by the suc- 
cessive use, first of more artistic stone implements, then of bronze and after- 
wards of iron, have no parallel on this continent. The use of copper tools in 
the Mississippi Valley does not, as the writer believes, indicate any consider- 
able progress in intellectual development, for the copper at first may have 
been picked up from the surface in the native form, and to fashion it into 
rude tools required but little more skill than is indicated by the chipped 
obsidian implements which are now, and have been from all time, in use 
among the aborigines of this continent. The mining work executed in the 
search for copper, after the supply from the surface had been exhausted, 
proves the existence of an inexhaustible amount of patience, but nothing 
like the ingenuity and development of brain which the fabrication of bronze 
would imply. 
