36 Dr. F. H. Hatch—The World's Copper Supplies. 
The increase in the output of Australasia was due to the develop- 
ment of the Mount Lyell mine in Tasmania; that of Canada to 
the working of nickel-copper mines at Sudbury in Ontario, gold- 
copper mines at Rossland in British Columbia, and silver-copper 
mines at Nelson in the same province. In South Africa copper mines 
were worked by the Cape Copper Company and the Namaqualand 
Copper Company in Little Namaqualand, the ore being sent to 
Swansea partly in the form of matte, partly as a high-grade 
concentrate. 
Table II gives the production of the world, the United States 
and the British Empire for every fifth year, from 1888 onward. 
TABLE II. 
) - 
World’s : ar P Wolk. Other 
| Total. United States. British Empire. Alene. couminiss. _ 
Year. 
| OL oii % Olt | SS or 
Monts: Tons. World’s. Tons. World’s. Tons. World’s. 
1888 | 262,000 103,000 39:1 24.000 9:3 | 1,456 51:6 
1893 | 310,000 149,000 48°] 26,000 8:5 425 43-4 
1898 | 442,000 239,000 540 34,000 aa 640. 383 
1903 610,000 317,000 52:0 62,000 10:1 530 37:9 
1908 | 790,000 427,000 54°] 79,000 10:0 579 359 
1913 | 1,002,0001 | 555,000 Sao) 91,0002 9-1 421 35:9 
1918 | 1,395,0002 | 848,000? | 60°8 — — 1822 = 
The order of production and the proportion produced by each 
contributor at the beginning of the twentieth century (1901) were as 
follows : United States (514 %), British Empire (114 %%), Spain and 
Portugal (10%), South America (8%), Mexico (6%), Japan 
(5 %), Germany (44 %), Russia (14 %), Norway (4%), and Italy 
(5 %)- 
: The total production of the world for the nineteenth century has 
been estimated * at 10,240,000 tons, the chief contributors being : 
the United States (29 %), South America (20 %), Spain and Portugal” 
(13 %), the United Kingdom (83 %), Japan (6 9%), Germany (44 %), 
Australia (44 %), Russia (4%), Norway and Sweden (2 %), Mexico 
(13%), Cuba (14%), South Africa (14%), Canada (4%). The 
British Empire as a whole produced 16 %. (See Table III.) 
The first decade of the twentieth century saw a production of 
7,333,000 tons. During this decade the following countries 
practically doubled their production: United States, South America 
(where the biggest increase was in Peru), Mexico, Japan, and 
Norway. This great advance in production was largely brought 
about by improvements in the methods of mechanical concentration, 
which made it profitable to lower the grade of the material mined, and 
1 Merton. 2 Mineral Industry. 3’ Home Office. 
* By Nicol Brown & Turnbull in A Century of Copper. 
