Dr. H. Preiswerk—Oil Region of the Northern Punjab. 11 
Mosque. These conglomerates are very similar to those in the 
ridge near the eastern main oil-spring. 
From what we have seen so far the three oil-springs near Golra 
have the same geological situation. They all appear in the lower parts 
of the variegated clays. These variegated, nummulitic, and gypsum- 
bearing clays—according to Wynne belonging to the “ Upper 
Nummulitic ’—can be traced for more than a mile distance near the 
oil-springs of Golra, with a breadth of 300 metres. They dip to the 
north at about 60°. In the middle, between the eastern and western 
springs, however, nearly vertical bedding is found. Here, near 
the graves of the Mohammedans on the hill, they are pierced by 
a larger mass of limestone (Plate I). 
2. On the Surroundings of Golra.—We acquire a general knowledge 
of the geological structure by tracing the section through the main 
springs in the north of Golra farther north (Section IV, Plate I). From 
the first appearance of the sandstones we meet—for a whole mile, 
as far as the foot of the steep limestone hills—nothing else but sand- 
stones with scanty beds of clay, the strata mostly dipping very 
steeply. At the foot of the first hill of the mountains the sandstone, 
however, forms a syncline which is more flat, and afterwards the 
red clays of the “ Upper Nummulitic ” appear, and still more to the 
north the enormous masses of the ‘‘ HillNummulitic limestone ” 
with still older—according to Wynne—Mesozoic limestones in 
perpendicular strata or even turned over the “ Upper Nummulitic ” 
by inversion. 
The Section LV (Plate I) tries to explain the tectonic conditions of 
the four formations: the Nummulitic Limestone, the Upper 
Nummulitic, the Murree Sandstone, and the later (Siwalik) con- 
glomerates and marls. According to this section there are, 
between Golra and the top of the limestone hills, two anticlines, 
the core of which is formed by Nummulitic limestones. In the 
northern anticline the limestone itself appears, forming the 
mountain range, whilst in the southern anticline it is hidden, at 
least near the oil-springs, below the Upper Nummulitic. The 
Upper Nummulitic appears in the northern anticline as a reduced 
and overturned south flank, in the southern anticline as a norma! 
north flank. But towards the south it does not continue below the 
normal hanging Murree beds, but is cut off from the younger con- 
glomerates by unconformity. From this we see that an important 
dislocation runs in the direction of the axis of the anticline, which 
has lowered the south flank, or rather, has overturned the north 
flank over the south flank. The Murree beds form a proper syncline, 
which, however, is very unsymmetrically built, its axis being displaced 
to the north. The flank of the syncline, which is turned towards 
the mountains, must therefore be either completely crushed or 
covered by the overturned and anticlinal Hill-Nummulitic 
limestones. 
To the south of the line of dislocation, near the oil-springs, 
