10 Dr. H. Preiswerk—Oil Region of the Northern Punjab. 
with layers of compact limestone and gypsum and limy beds rich 
in Nummulites. The strata, which dip north, show lower angles of 
inclination, down to 35° towards the south. Near the end of the 
valley these clays sharply break up on the perpendicular strata of 
a conglomeratic ridge (compare Fig. 3). The conglomerates chiefly 
consist of large boulders of grey and yellow limestone. These 
conglomerates might belong to the Upper Siwalik formation. To 
the south of the ridge very steep clays and marls follow, quite 
different from those near the oil-springs. Farther away from the 
ridge the strata quickly become more level, and disappear below 
the alluvium. Thus the environs of the conglomeratic ridge appear 
as the axis of an anticline, the crest of which shows an important 
dislocation. 
SSyZ 
1. Bituminous limestones and /arls. Oilspring KY 1. f-/-j Yj YY ff Vi; koma 
2. fed Clays with layers of limestone SL): Ys Wi 
3. Red Clays 1.) by /, Wy 
a. Limy Concretions 6 W/4/ Wide 
5. Filed Nodular Limestone Coen ee 
6. Sandstones (furree Beds) fo) 500 1o00Ft. 
Bea f i 
7. Conglomerates (Upper Siwalik) 
Fig. 
Turning to the north from the oil-beds to the hanging-beds, we 
first meet “red and yellow clays with lenses of Nummulitic limestone 
and gypsum. ‘The clays are more than 100 metres thick, and similar 
to those below the oil-bearing rocks. They are irregularly disposed, 
‘in certain parts steeper, in others more level. About 200 metres 
to the north of the oil-shows a hard and ridge-like purple sand- 
stone crosses the bed of the river. Purple clay and yellow 
nummulitic layers, which are extremely rich in fossils, appear below 
the sandstone, representing the uppermost part of the nummulitic 
formation. The purple sandstone of the boundary dips north 
at 45°. It is covered by a bed of characteristic red nodular lime- 
stone. Such nodular limestones are often significant for the 
boundary between the Upper Nummulitic and the Murree beds. 
Farther to the north we notice now the monotonous sandstones of 
the Murree beds. 
The section through the oil-spring near the Mosque Dheri Shah 
Sikandar Wali is represented on Fig. 4. The conditions here are 
similar to those of the main spring to the east. There, too, the oil 
flows out from layers of limestone in the variegated clays, which 
also here—in a distance of 200 metres fromthe oil-beds—are 
covered by the sandstones of the Murree beds. The sandstones 
dip rather more steeply than on the east, perhaps 60°, whilst the 
clays have only an inclination to the north of 50°. The southern 
part of the section is only exposed to a small extent. The variegated 
clays with their layers of limestone and the oil-springs are cut off 
in the south from the coarse conglomerates on the river near the 
