Dr. H. Preiswerk—Oul Region of the Northern Punjab. 77 
entrance of the steep ravine which has been cut through the lime- 
stone ridge by the Burra Kutta brook. The oil comes forth from 
the cracks of the Nummulitic limestone, mingled with sulphur 
water and sometimes with gas. The most westerly of the oil-shows 
I have seen in the Burra Kutta valley lies about 80 metres above 
the entrance to the gorge. 
Geological Features. : 
Stratigraphy.—The oil-springs come forth from the uppermost 
beds of the Nummulitic limestone, which contains some marly 
layers. At the river-bank at Chota Kutta the beds lying over the 
limestone are covered by detrital deposits for a distance of 
30-40 yards along the river. These beds, however, are very well 
exposed along the footpath leading through the gorge high above 
the brook on its north-western bank. They consist (1) of very 
porous limestones or dolomitic limestones (Zellenkalk, cargneule), 
accompanied by white gypsiferous clays. These beds are covered 
by (2) greenish gypsiferous clays and further by (3) pseudo- 
conglomeratic oolitic limestone forming a prominent ridge. This © 
limestone consists of coarse ooliths containing in the core pieces of 
Nummulitic limestone. The same ridge of oolitic limestone is 
visible, too, down at the river bank, about 10 yards to the west of 
the footpath which leads from Chota Kutta to Burra Kutta. 
In the sections (Fig. 10) I have marked these three characteristic 
rocks with the same signature of “‘ Upper Nummulitic”’. Strati- 
graphically, as well as petrographically, there is a great concordance 
with the Upper Nummulitic beds in the environs of Rawalpindi. 
At the oil-springs of Gunda near Fatehjang, and further to the east 
near Kutbal, quite the same very characteristic porous limestone 
(cargneule) is found between the compact Nummulitic limestone 
and the gypsiferous marls of the Upper Nummulitic. 
Above the oolitic limestones follow the Murree beds and the 
Siwalik group: a series of sandstones with red clays of enormous 
thickness. 
The oldest rocks, represented in Section IV, Fig. 10, are lumpy 
marls lying below the Nummulitic limestone in the valley of the 
Majuchh Nala. These marls are rich in fossils, especially in well- 
preserved Hchinoidea. I have collected, according to J. Baum- 
berger’s determination: Cassidulus cf. ellipticus and Plesiolampas — 
ovalis (Ducan & Fladen, “ Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous Fauna 
of Western India’’: Paleontologia Indica, 1883). The specimen 
Plesvolampas is embedded in clayey marls rich in Assilina and 
Numumulites. 
These beds belong to the Kocene and perhaps correspond to the ~ 
Echinolampas zone of Middlemiss. 
The facies of the Upper Nummulitic in other parts of the Salt 
Range is of interest in regard to the extension of the oil-horizon. 
According to Lyman and to communications of natives tar occurs in 
the middle Salt Range in places which, according to Wynne’s map, 
