128 Dr. H. Preiswerk 
Ow Region of the Northern Punjab. 
The Siwalik formation consists here of tremendously thick sand- 
stones, clays, and conglomerates in frequent alternation. In the 
Upper Siwalik conglomerates decidedly predominate, in the lower 
one clays. No well-marked leading horizons have so far been found 
in this mass.! : 
These Siwalik beds form, in the region I have examined, two 
enormous anticlines running through the country in a fairly straight 
linefor many miles,even oneday’s journey in a north-west-south-east 
direction. They were recognized even by Medlicott as important 
tectonic lines. He called them after places lying further south— 
““Gumber fault”? and “ Budsur fault”. The eastern “ Gumber 
fault’ will in this paper be called ‘‘ Jawalamukhi anticline ”’, the 
western “ Chamba Ferry anticline”’. Chamba Ferry is a point on 
the Beas River, where the anticline is very clearly exposed. The 
details in the course and in the shape of the anticlines are repre- 
sented in Figs. 14 and 15. The geological observations which led 
to the construction of the anticlines are entered on the map (Fig. 14). 
I have to draw special attention to some points. 
The axis of the Jawalamukhi anticline does not coincide with 
the steep mountain range, the “ Jawalamukhi ridge’’, at the foot 
of which the fire-temple is situated, but les generally at one mile 
distance from the mountain border. 
While vertical bedding appears in the axis in several places, 
the anticline shows just at Jawalamukhi a fine regularly curved 
structure. 
Towards the north the anticline is curved off a little to the north- 
west. Transverse faults result from this. The fold is built 
unsymmetrically with a steep south-west flank and a flat north- 
east flank. The anticlinal crest must, therefore, under ground 
remove itself a little to the north-east. To the north of Jawalamukhi 
the axis of the anticline pitches considerably to the north-west. 
In the syncline between the two anticlines conglomerates, that is to 
say, the beds of the Upper Siwalik group, predominate, with very 
steep dips. 
The core of the syncline lies closer to the Chamba Ferry anti- 
cline than to the Jawalamukhi anticline. Therefore, supposing 
similar facies, the Jawalamukhi anticline is curved up more strongly 
and shows deeper beds than the other one. 
The appearance of burning gases (methane gases) is often, but 
not always, in connexion with oil-rocks. In districts, where oil 
exists, the appearance of inflammable gases, together with salt- 
water springs, is considered a reliable indication for oil. 
Both gases and salt water are found in Jawalamukhi. Opposite 
the fire-temple on the southern side of the brook salt-springs come 
forth below the road. Several! further salt-springs are found a little 
south in the steep slopes east of the village of Jawalamukhi. I also 
1 Medlicott, Manual of the Geology of India, 1879, pp. 550-4. 
