J. S. Lee—An Outline of Chinese Geology. 259 
This plagioclase has the composition of andesine, and around these 
larger grains flow the finer grained aggregates of quartz, biotite, 
and orthoclase. The undulose extinction and mortar structure are 
very marked features. This rock is of a remarkable composition for 
a sediment, but the field associations point to a sedimentary origin, 
as does also the abundance of fine-grained quartz. 
The plagioclase probably represents recrystallized detrital 
plagioclase, the original rock being of the nature of an arkose. The 
garnet represents the by-product of the biotite-quartz interaction 
in the production of the orthoclase felspar. 
(To be continued.) 
An Outline of Chinese Geology.! 
By J. 8. Lez, M.Sc., Birmingham. 
PREEORE we properly discuss the geology of China a few words 
on the geological work in that country will not be superfluous. 
Let us first of all ask the Chinese themselves if they, in the course of 
their intellectual evolution for thousands of years, have contributed 
anything valuable to our science. The inquiry into this point by the 
writer has so far been met by a negative answer. True, in ancient 
Chinese literature one often finds fragmentary suggestions and 
allegorical statements related to geology. As a typical example we 
may take the well-known expression “‘ blue seas change into mulberry 
fields’. This sentence is much quoted by popular writers either for 
depicting the ephemeral state of worldly affairs or for illustrating 
the slow, mighty change that persistently takes place on the earth. 
It is in the latter sense that it demands our attention. Again, there 
are a number of volumes both extremely ancient and comparatively 
modern treating of the drainage systems of China, and in some cases 
with rough indication of changes of the sea level. The descriptions 
of minerals like those in the “‘ Bén-tsao-gang-mong’”’ are certainly 
a record of incipient development of mineralogical study originated 
in China and by the Chinese ; but as to the purpose, 1t was anything 
but geologic. 
In recent years the devoted attitude of the Chinese literati to their 
metaphysical speculation and literatural indulgence has reluctantly 
but necessarily undergone a fundamental change under the pressing 
and penetrative influence of modern organized intellectual move- 
ments. Among the sciences thus introduced into China geology 
occupies its rightful place. Institutions for geological study have 
been established. A Geological Survey with Mr. V. K. Tingas the 
Director has already commenced its work. Although the Record 
1 This paper is an abstract of a Thesis which Mr. Lee submitted for the 
M.Sc. degree of the University of Birmingham in 1918, dealing with the 
Geology of China. The author is now Lecturer on Paleontology in 
the University of Peking, and attached to the Geological Survey of China. 
He has asked me to see the present paper through the press.—W. S. BOULTON. 
